Water and energy footprint of irrigated agriculture in the Mediterranean region
Water and energy footprint of irrigated agriculture in the Mediterranean region
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DOI：
10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/124014
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发表时间：
2014-12-01
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Knox, J. W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Daccache, A.;Ciurana, J. S.;Knox, J. W.
灌溉农业是地中海区域淡水的最大消费者，是农村生计的主要收入和就业来源。然而，日益严重的干旱和水资源短缺突出了对该区域农业环境可持续性的关切。开发了一个将网格水平衡模型与地理数据库和地理信息系统相结合的综合评估，并用于评估该区域灌溉生产的水需求和能源足迹。模拟产出与作物产量和水资源数据相联系，以估算水（立方米公斤-1）和能源（二氧化碳公斤-1）的生产力，并确定脆弱地区或“热点”。对于该地区选定的主要作物，灌溉占61 km（3）yr（-1）的取水量和1.78 Gt CO2排放量yr-1，其中大部分排放来自向日葵（73 kg CO2/t）和棉花（60 kg CO2/t）生产。小麦是该区域的主要战略作物，据估计其水生产率为1，000 tMm（-3），排放量为31 kg CO2/t。灌溉现代化将节省约8 km（3）的水，但相应地将使二氧化碳排放量增加约+135%。从雨养生产转向灌溉生产将使灌溉需求增加到166 km（3）yr（-1）（+137%），而二氧化碳排放量将增加+270%。这项研究对了解该区域的水-能源-粮食关系以及节水、减少二氧化碳排放和/或加强粮食生产战略之间的权衡具有重大的政策影响。
Irrigated agriculture constitutes the largest consumer of freshwater in the Mediterranean region and provides a major source of income and employment for rural livelihoods. However, increasing droughts and water scarcity have highlighted concerns regarding the environmental sustainability of agriculture in the region. An integrated assessment combining a gridded water balance model with a geodatabase and GIS has been developed and used to assess the water demand and energy footprint of irrigated production in the region. Modelled outputs were linked with crop yield and water resources data to estimate water (m(3) kg(-1)) and energy (CO2 kg(-1)) productivity and identify vulnerable areas or 'hotspots'. For a selected key crops in the region, irrigation accounts for 61 km(3) yr(-1) of water abstraction and 1.78 Gt CO2 emissions yr-1, with most emissions from sunflower (73 kg CO2/t) and cotton (60 kg CO2/t) production. Wheat is a major strategic crop in the region and was estimated to have a water productivity of 1000 tMm(-3) and emissions of 31 kg CO2/t. Irrigation modernization would save around 8 km(3) of water but would correspondingly increase CO2 emissions by around +135%. Shifting from rain-fed to irrigated production would increase irrigation demand to 166 km(3) yr(-1) (+137%) whilst CO2 emissions would rise by +270%. The study has major policy implications for understanding the water-energy-food nexus in the region and the trade-offs between strategies to save water, reduce CO2 emissions and/or intensify food production.