Monitoring of the ecotoxicological hazard potential by polar organic micropollutants in sewage treatment plants and surface waters using a mode-of-action based test battery
Monitoring of the ecotoxicological hazard potential by polar organic micropollutants in sewage treatment plants and surface waters using a mode-of-action based test battery
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DOI：
10.1039/b800951a
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Vermeirssen, Etienne L. M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Escher, Beate I.;Bramaz, Nadine;Vermeirssen, Etienne L. M.
我们提出并评估了一种基于低复杂性和体外生物测定的作用模式测试电池，可作为污水处理效率和水质评估的常规监测工具。测试电池包括五种生物分析，涵盖五种不同的毒性作用模式。菲氏弧菌的生物发光抑制试验和绿藻伪基氏菌的生长速率抑制试验是非特异性综合效应的措施。藻类测试的第二个终点，光合作用效率的特定抑制，给出了除草剂存在的解释。酶分析涵盖杀虫活性的一个重要方面，乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的抑制。通过酵母雌激素筛选（YES）评估雌激素效应，通过umuC测试评估遗传毒性。在瑞士的一个污水处理厂进行了三次实地研究，每次持续6至7天。样品采集于夏季和深秋，干燥和多雨条件下。在对原水进行的全部出水毒性试验中，没有一项生物测定得出阳性结果。因此，采用固相萃取法对废水处理过程中不同地点的水样和地表水进行富集。重点是一般到中等疏水性的非挥发性化合物，这个范围包括大多数杀虫剂、杀菌剂和药品。评价了不同极性固相的萃取效率、对基体组分的干扰和整体性能。我们最终选择了聚合物吸附剂和c18吸附剂的混合物，lichrollut EN和RP-18，或者Empore(TM) SDB-RPS磁盘。所有的生物测定都对固相萃取物给出了清晰而可靠的反应。根据生物测定数据，STP的处理效率可以根据不同的毒性作用模式和相应的不同类型的微污染物进行评估。此外，这些数据还允许对流出物和接收河流进行比较。在所有的生物测定中，初级污水有很强的影响，这种影响在通过STP后减弱。处理效率很高（通常超过90%），但因生物测定法而异，这是预期的，因为每种生物测定法检测不同类型的微污染物，因此我们不能期望得到一个共同的答案。
We propose and evaluate a mode-of-action based test battery of low-complexity and in-vitro bioassays that can be used as a routine monitoring tool for sewage treatment efficiency and water quality assessment. The test battery comprises five bioassays covering five different modes of toxic action. The bioluminescence inhibition test with Vibrio fischeri and a growth rate inhibition test with the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata are measures of non-specific integrative effects. A second endpoint in the algae test, the specific inhibition of the efficiency of photosynthesis, gives an account of the presence of herbicides. An enzymatic assay covers an important aspect of insecticidal activity, the inhibition of the acetylcholine esterase activity. Estrogenic effects are assessed with the yeast estrogen screen (YES) and genotoxicity with the umuC test. Three field studies, each lasting six to seven consecutive days, were undertaken at a sewage treatment plant (STP) in Switzerland. Samples were collected in summer and late autumn, under dry and rainy conditions. None of the bioassays gave positive results with raw water in whole effluent toxicity testing. Therefore, water samples from various sites during wastewater treatment and from surface water were enriched with solid-phase extraction. The focus was on non-volatile compounds of average to moderate hydrophobicity, a range that includes most pesticides, biocides and pharmaceuticals. Various polar solid phases were evaluated for their extraction efficiency, disturbance by matrix components and overall performance. We finally selected a mixture of a polymeric sorbent and a C18-sorbent, Lichrolut EN and RP-18 or, alternatively, Empore(TM) SDB-RPS disks. All bioassays gave clear and robust responses with the SPE extracts. With the bioassay data the treatment efficiency of the STP can be assessed with respect to different modes of toxic action and accordingly different groups of micropollutants. Furthermore, the data allowed for a comparison between the effluent and the receiving river. In all bioassays the primary effluent had a strong effect and this effect was reduced after passing the STP. Treatment efficiency was high (typically over 90%) but varied from bioassay to bioassay, which is expected because each bioassay detects different types of micropollutants and therefore we cannot expect a common answer.