Pharmacology of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in adult Rats: Significance, Call Classification and Neural Substrate.
Pharmacology of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in adult Rats: Significance, Call Classification and Neural Substrate.
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DOI：
10.2174/1570159x13999150210141444
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Brudzynski SM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brudzynski SM
本文综述了通过超声发声测量大鼠情绪唤醒和情绪状态启动的药理学研究。据推测，发声的排放是一个不可分割的特征的情绪状态，它从母亲和婴儿的互动。积极的情绪状态与50 kHz的发声有关，这可能是由奖励情况和多巴胺能激活中脑核引起的，并由D1，D2和部分D3多巴胺受体介导。50 kHz发声的三种生物学上有意义的亚型都表达了积极的情绪状态：（1）没有频率调制的平声，在社会交往中作为接触声;（2）没有颤音的调频声，表示奖励和显著动机的情况;以及（3）在与强烈情感状态相关联的高度情感情境中发出的具有颤音或颤音本身的调频呼叫。负面情绪状态与22 kHz发声的发射相关，其可由厌恶情况、内侧间脑和前脑的边缘区的毒蕈碱胆碱能激活诱导，并且由M2毒蕈碱受体介导。22 kHz发声的两种生物学上重要的亚型已经被确定，它们都表达了负面的情绪状态：（1）长叫声，作为警报叫声和外部危险信号;（2）短叫声，表达了没有外部危险的不适状态。发声的正性和负性状态是由两个上行网状激活子系统启动的：作为特定正性唤醒系统的中脑边缘多巴胺能子系统和作为特定负性唤醒系统的中脑边缘胆碱能子系统。
Pharmacological studies of emotional arousal and initiation of emotional states in rats measured by their ultrasonic vocalizations are reviewed. It is postulated that emission of vocalizations is an inseparable feature of emotional states and it evolved from mother-infant interaction. Positive emotional states are associated with emission of 50 kHz vocalizations that could be induced by rewarding situations and dopaminergic activation of the nucleus accumbens and are mediated by D1, D2, and partially D3 dopamine receptors. Three biologically significant subtypes of 50 kHz vocalizations have been identified, all expressing positive emotional states: (1) flat calls without frequency modulation that serve as contact calls during social interactions; (2) frequencymodulated calls without trills that signal rewarding and significantly motivated situation; and (3) frequency-modulated calls with trills or trills themselves that are emitted in highly emotional situations associated with intensive affective state. Negative emotional states are associated with emission of 22 kHz vocalizations that could be induced by aversive situations, muscarinic cholinergic activation of limbic areas of medial diencephalon and forebrain, and are mediated by M2 muscarinic receptors. Two biologically significant subtypes of 22 kHz vocalizations have been identified, both expressing negative emotional sates: (1) long calls that serve as alarm calls and signal external danger; and (2) short calls that express a state of discomfort without external danger. The positive and negative states with emission of vocalizations are initiated by two ascending reticular activating subsystems: the mesolimbic dopaminergic subsystem as a specific positive arousal system, and the mesolimbic cholinergic subsystem as a specific negative arousal system.