A revised and dated phylogeny of cobweb spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae): A predatory Cretaceous lineage diversifying in the era of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
A revised and dated phylogeny of cobweb spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae): A predatory Cretaceous lineage diversifying in the era of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
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蜘蛛网蜘蛛（Araneae、Araneoidea、Theridiidae）系统发育的修订和日期：蚂蚁（膜翅目、蚁科）时代的掠食性白垩纪谱系多样化。
DOI：
10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.023
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Agnarsson, Ingi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Liu, Jie;May-Collado, Laura J.;Agnarsson, Ingi
从物种丰富度、形态多样性、网结构多样性和行为能力的角度来看，蛛网蜘蛛（Theridiidae）具有高度多样性。该家族包括超过 50% 的社交蜘蛛，这在该目中是罕见的行为，而且该家族的成员也是毒液、丝生物力学、盗贼寄生和结网等特征的研究对象。蜘蛛科是数量最多的蜘蛛类群之一，因此是许多不同生态系统中的关键昆虫捕食者，也是相对较少的表现出高度食食性的蜘蛛科之一。所有这些方面的现代比较研究最好以系统发育为基础。我们的目标是通过数据挖掘总结先前发表的多项分子和形态学研究的数据，并添加来自几个属的新数据，为该科提供修订后的、过时的系统发育假说。我们还检验了这样一个假设：蛛网蜘蛛的起源和多样化与许多物种专门捕食的蚂蚁一致。新的系统发育与先前的研究和当前的分类学基本一致，应该为兽科分类和比较分析提供有用的工具。尽管如此，我们也强调了目前可用数据的局限性，即兽科系统发育学的最新技术，为系统发育中的大多数更深节点提供了微弱的支持。因此，显然需要现代系统发育学方法来获得更扎实的理解，特别是亚科之间的关系。我们恢复了目前公认的兽科亚科的单系性，除了一些神秘的“pholcommatines”（Styposis，Phoroncidia）和推定的“hadrotarsines”（Audifia，Tekellina），它们的位置在我们的分析中是不确定的。 Theridiidae 的历史可以追溯到大约 100 mya 的白垩纪，这是开花植物和包括蚂蚁在内的许多昆虫类群多样化的时期。蛛网蜘蛛的起源，以及蜘蛛网——一种专门针对行人猎物的陷阱——的起源，与蚂蚁的重大多样化转变同时发生。随着蚂蚁也多样化并达到统治地位，该科的化石记录变得丰富，达到了 50-40 米亚，当代的蚁类和蚂蚁的丰度模式也显示出相同的趋势，在靠近赤道和较低海拔的地区，相对丰度不断增加。我们发现，在轮圆科中，专门捕食蚂蚁猎物的谱系非随机地聚集在蚁科中。鉴于这些发现，我们假设胶足网的起源是促进蚂蚁捕获的垫脚石，并导致许多“基础”蜘蛛纲动物产生专门的食蚁行为。我们还记录了随后的食蚁性的丧失，以及相关的物种形成率的增加，因为“最近的”兽类群体进化出了不同的网状形式，并且许多重新开始捕捉空中猎物。 (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. 保留所有权利。
Cobweb spiders (Theridiidae) are highly diverse from the perspective of species richness, morphological diversity, variety of web architecture, and behavioral repertoires. The family includes over 50% of social spiders, a behavioral rarity among the order, and members of the family are furthermore the subject of research on venom, silk biomechanics, kleptoparasitism and web building, among other traits. Theridiidae is one of the most abundant groups of spiders, and thus key insect predators in many different ecosystems and is among relatively few spider families that show high degree of myrmecophagy. Modern comparative studies on all these fronts are best buttressed on a phylogenetic foundation. Our goal here is to offer a revised, dated, phylogenetic hypothesis for the family by summarizing previously published data from multiple molecular and morphological studies through data-mining, and adding novel data from several genera. We also test the hypothesis that the origin and diversification of cobweb spiders coincides with that of ants on which many species specialize as prey. The new phylogeny is largely congruent with prior studies and current taxonomy and should provide a useful tool for theridiid classification and for comparative analyses. Nevertheless, we also highlight the limitations of currently available data the state of the art in Theridiidae phylogenetics offering weak support for most of the deeper nodes in the phylogeny. Thus the need is clear for modern phylogenomic approaches to obtain a more solid understanding, especially of relationships among subfamilies. We recover the monophyly of currently recognized theridiid subfamilies with the exception of some enigmatic 'pholcommatines' (Styposis, Phoroncidia) and putative 'hadrotarsines' (Audifia, Tekellina) whose placement is uncertain in our analyses. Theridiidae dates back some 100 mya to the Cretaceous, a period of diversification in flowering plants and many groups of insects, including ants. The origin of cobweb spiders, and hence the cobweb-a speciallized trap for pedestrian prey-coincides with a major diversification shift in ants. The family becomes abundant in fossil record 50-40 mya as ants also diversify and reach dominance and contemporary patterns of abundances of theridiids and ants show the same trends, with increasing relative abundance towards the equator and at lower altitudes. We find that among orbiculariae, lineages that specialize on ant prey are non-randomly clustered within Theridiidae. Given these findings we hypothesize that the origin of the gumfoot web was a stepping stone that facilitated the capture of ants and resulted in specialized myrmecophagy in a number of 'basal' theridiids. We also document a subsequent loss in myrmecophagy, and associated increase in speciation rates, as 'recent' theridiid groups evolve diverse web forms and many return to the capture of aerial prey. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.