Development of realistic physical breast phantoms matched to virtual breast phantoms based on human subject data
Development of realistic physical breast phantoms matched to virtual breast phantoms based on human subject data
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DOI：
10.1118/1.4919771
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发表时间：
2015-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Lo, Joseph Y.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kiarashi, Nooshin;Nolte, Adam C.;Lo, Joseph Y.
目的：物理幻象对乳房x射线成像系统的开发、优化和评估至关重要。认识到解剖学对图像质量和临床表现的主要影响，这些幻象应该理想地反映人类乳房的三维结构。目前，市面上还没有一种拟人化的三维实体乳房假体。作者提出了一套新的基于人类数据的物理乳房幻象的发展。方法：设计与基于人体乳腺专用ct图像的扩展心躯干虚拟乳房模型相匹配的虚拟乳房模型。这些模型是通过高分辨率多材料增材制造（3D打印）技术制造的。相对于乳腺组织等效塑料材料，测量了光聚合物材料的腺体等效性。基于当前技术和可用材料的最新技术，制作了两种变体。第一个是双材料的幻影，双紧身上衣。纤维腺组织和皮肤是放射学上最致密的物质；脂肪组织在放射学上密度最小。第二种变体，单线，是用一种材料制成的，代表纤维腺组织和皮肤。随后填充脂肪当量材料，包括油、蜂蜡和永久性聚氨酯基聚合物。模拟的微钙化簇通过粉碎的蛋壳进一步包含在幻象中。对这些幻影进行成像，并进行视觉和定量表征。结果：假影的乳房x线摄影投影和断层合成重建图像获得了真实的乳房背景。幻象的乳房x光片显示与相应虚拟幻象的模拟乳房x光片投影图像密切相关。此外，模拟图像的幂律描述与真人图像基本一致。单线态方法比双线态方法提供了更真实的对比，但以在填充过程中形成的气泡和气穴为代价。结论：所呈现的物理乳房模型及其匹配的虚拟乳房模型提供了真实的乳房解剖结构、患者可变性和易用性，使其成为进行系统质量控制测试和虚拟临床试验的潜在候选者。(C) 2015年美国医学物理学家协会。
Purpose: Physical phantoms are essential for the development, optimization, and evaluation of x-ray breast imaging systems. Recognizing the major effect of anatomy on image quality and clinical performance, such phantoms should ideally reflect the three-dimensional structure of the human breast. Currently, there is no commercially available three-dimensional physical breast phantom that is anthropomorphic. The authors present the development of a new suite of physical breast phantoms based on human data.Methods: The phantoms were designed to match the extended cardiac-torso virtual breast phantoms that were based on dedicated breast computed tomography images of human subjects. The phantoms were fabricated by high-resolution multimaterial additive manufacturing (3D printing) technology. The glandular equivalency of the photopolymer materials was measured relative to breast tissue-equivalent plastic materials. Based on the current state-of-the-art in the technology and available materials, two variations were fabricated. The first was a dual-material phantom, the Doublet. Fibroglandular tissue and skin were represented by the most radiographically dense material available; adipose tissue was represented by the least radiographically dense material. The second variation, the Singlet, was fabricated with a single material to represent fibroglandular tissue and skin. It was subsequently filled with adipose-equivalent materials including oil, beeswax, and permanent urethane-based polymer. Simulated microcalcification clusters were further included in the phantoms via crushed eggshells. The phantoms were imaged and characterized visually and quantitatively.Results: The mammographic projections and tomosynthesis reconstructed images of the fabricated phantoms yielded realistic breast background. The mammograms of the phantoms demonstrated close correlation with simulated mammographic projection images of the corresponding virtual phantoms. Furthermore, power-law descriptions of the phantom images were in general agreement with real human images. The Singlet approach offered more realistic contrast as compared to the Doublet approach, but at the expense of air bubbles and air pockets that formed during the filling process.Conclusions: The presented physical breast phantoms and their matching virtual breast phantoms offer realistic breast anatomy, patient variability, and ease of use, making them a potential candidate for performing both system quality control testing and virtual clinical trials. (C) 2015 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.