Extended season for northern butterflies
Extended season for northern butterflies
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DOI：
10.1007/s00484-013-0649-8
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发表时间：
2014-07-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Karlsson, Bengt
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Karlsson, Bengt
蝴蝶和所有昆虫一样，对温度敏感，气温升高可能会影响它们的物候。几项研究发现，在被调查的物种中，飞行日期较早。一项比较研究与来自一个公民科学项目的数据进行了比较，其中包括瑞典的66种蝴蝶，结果证实，大多数蝴蝶物种现在在季节中飞得更早。对于以成虫或蛹越冬的蝴蝶来说，这一点尤其明显。然而，物候学的进步与飞行日期相关，一些晚季物种没有表现出进步，甚至推迟了飞行日期，现在在本赛季晚些时候飞行。结果还表明，纬度对成虫的飞行日期有很大的影响，大多数被调查的物种表现出明显的向北飞行。只有一些晚飞的物种表现出相反的趋势，在北方飞得更早。在这项研究中，大多数被调查的物种对温度表现出普遍的反应，并随着温度的升高而提前飞行日期（平均提前3.8天/A摄氏度），尽管并非所有物种都表现出这种反应。从本质上讲，春季较早和生长季节较长的气候似乎不会单向改变外观模式。我们现在看到蝴蝶在翅膀上的季节早些时候和晚些时候，这些模式的一些后果进行了讨论。到目前为止，研究主要集中在早季蝴蝶与植物的相互作用，但也需要晚季研究，以更好地了解长期的人口后果。
Butterflies are like all insects in that they are temperature sensitive and a changing climate with higher temperatures might effect their phenology. Several studies have found support for earlier flight dates among the investigated species. A comparative study with data from a citizen science project, including 66 species of butterflies in Sweden, was undertaken, and the result confirms that most butterfly species now fly earlier during the season. This is especially evident for butterflies overwintering as adults or as pupae. However, the advancement in phenology is correlated with flight date, and some late season species show no advancement or have even postponed their flight dates and are now flying later in the season. The results also showed that latitude had a strong effect on the adult flight date, and most of the investigated species showed significantly later flights towards the north. Only some late flying species showed an opposite trend, flying earlier in the north. A majority of the investigated species in this study showed a general response to temperature and advanced their flight dates with warmer temperatures (on average they advanced their flight dates by 3.8 days/A degrees C), although not all species showed this response. In essence, a climate with earlier springs and longer growing seasons seems not to change the appearance patterns in a one-way direction. We now see butterflies on the wings both earlier and later in the season and some consequences of these patterns are discussed. So far, studies have concentrated mostly on early season butterfly-plant interactions but also late season studies are needed for a better understanding of long-term population consequences.