Heating up the forest: open-top chamber warming manipulation of arthropod communities at Harvard and Duke Forests
Heating up the forest: open-top chamber warming manipulation of arthropod communities at Harvard and Duke Forests
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DOI：
10.1111/j.2041-210x.2011.00100.x
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发表时间：
2011-10-01
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Dunn, Robert R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pelini, Shannon L.;Bowles, Francis P.;Dunn, Robert R.
1. 最近的观察表明，气候变化正在改变生物多样性，并且模型表明，气候变化的后果在不同纬度上会有所不同。然而，缺乏直接测试生物体对跨纬度气候变化反应的预测的长期实验现场操作。这些实验可以更机械地理解气候变化对生态群落的影响以及随后生态系统过程的变化，从而有助于更好地预测未来气候变化的影响。2．该野外实验使用八角形、直径 5 米 (约 22 m 3) 的敞顶室来模拟北部（马萨诸塞州哈佛森林）和南部（北卡罗来纳州杜克森林）硬木森林地点的变暖，以确定变暖对其范围边缘附近的蚂蚁和其他节肢动物种群和群落的影响。每个地点都有 12 个地块，其中包含顶部开放的房间，可将空气温度从环境温度逐渐控制到比环境温度高 6 摄氏度。由于本研究的重点是移动、垫料和土壤栖息的节肢动物，加温室的标准方法（例如土壤加温电缆或应用于相对较小区域的红外加热器）是不合适的，因此开发了使用液体循环加热和强制空气运动的新技术方法。3。我们监测占据这些实验室的蚂蚁和其他节肢动物的种群动态、物种组成、物候和行为。每个室中的小气候测量包括以下内容：空气温度（三个）、土壤温度（有机土壤和矿质土壤各两个）、光合有效辐射（PAR）、相对湿度和土壤湿度（各一个）。在两个室中，我们还测量土壤热通量、2 厘米和 6 厘米处的相关土壤温度以及体积含水量。为了评估实验中节肢动物群落的组成、物候和丰度，我们使用每月陷阱诱捕和每年温克勒采样。我们还对人工和天然蚁巢进行普查，以监测不同温度处理下蚁群规模和生产力的变化。4．这项实验是一项长期的生态研究，为广泛的生态学家提供了合作机会，包括那些研究生物地球化学、微生物和植物对变暖的反应的生态学家。未来的研究还可能包括实施多因素气候操纵、检查营养级之间的相互作用以及生态系统过程变化的量化。
1. Recent observations indicate that climatic change is altering biodiversity, and models suggest that the consequences of climate change will differ across latitude. However, long-term experimental field manipulations that directly test the predictions about organisms responses to climate change across latitude are lacking. Such experiments could provide a more mechanistic understanding of the consequences of climate change on ecological communities and subsequent changes in ecosystem processes, facilitating better predictions of the effects of future climate change.2. This field experiment uses octagonal, 5-m-diameter (c. 22 m 3) open-top chambers to simulate warming at northern (Harvard Forest, Massachusetts) and southern (Duke Forest, North Carolina) hardwood forest sites to determine the effects of warming on ant and other arthropod populations and communities near the edges of their ranges. Each site has 12 plots containing open-top chambers that manipulate air temperature incrementally from ambient to 6 degrees C above ambient. Because the focus of this study is on mobile, litter-and soil-dwelling arthropods, standard methods for warming chambers (e. g. soil-warming cables or infrared heaters applied to relatively small areas) were inappropriate and new technological approaches using hydronic heating and forced air movement were developed.3. We monitor population dynamics, species composition, phenology and behaviour of ants and other arthropods occupying these experimental chambers. Microclimatic measurements in each chamber include the following: air temperature (three), soil temperatures (two each in organic and mineral soil), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), relative humidity and soil moisture (one each). In two chambers, we are also measuring soil heat flux, associated soil temperatures at 2 and 6 cm and volumetric water content. To assess the composition, phenology and abundance of arthropod communities within the experiment, we use monthly pitfall trapping and annual Winkler sampling. We also census artificial and natural ant nests to monitor changes in ant colony size and productivity across the temperature treatments.4. This experiment is a long-term ecological study that provides opportunities for collaborations across a broad spectrum of ecologists, including those studying biogeochemical, microbial and plant responses to warming. Future studies also may include implementation of multifactorial climate manipulations, examination of interactions across trophic levels and quantification of changes in ecosystem processes.