SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BUCCO‐PHARYNGEAL STAGE OF REFLEX DEGLUTITION IN THE CAT
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BUCCO‐PHARYNGEAL STAGE OF REFLEX DEGLUTITION IN THE CAT
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猫反射性吞咽的颊咽阶段的一些观察
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通讯作者：
C. Sherrington
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作者：
F. R. Miller;C. Sherrington
1.描述了一种在深度麻醉下通过消融整个大脑和大部分中脑来快速获得产生均匀反应的哺乳动物反射制剂的方法。在这种准备过程中，口腔底部以及咽部的颌部和鼻部入口自由暴露；因此，有机会直接检查吞咽的第一阶段。描述了对该制剂中反射性吞咽的观察。
2. 对约2·5 cm 区域内的点进行局部中等压力。长长的后壁和咽部顶部的斜坡很容易引起燕子的惊恐。施加到软腭、会厌和舌背的舌会厌部分的类似压力比施加到上述区域的压力更不容易引起吞咽。
3. 引入水和含水液体，即使数量非常少——例如水。 1 c.c.——在舌头的最后部，在准备过程中引起准备和规律的吞咽。较大剂量比较小剂量更快地诱发吞咽。
4. 一些液体被发现比其他液体更容易、更有效地刺激吞咽。稀酒精是我们遇到的最明显的噬菌剂，甚至比水或唾液更有效。甘油可明显诱发吞咽反射。另一方面，所尝试的油——橄榄油、鱼肝油和蓖麻油——对吞咽的兴奋作用非常差；它们实际上是噬菌体。在噬菌油中添加酒精可得到具有良好噬菌能力的混合物；因此，虽然一剂蓖麻油几乎不能刺激吞咽，但由三份蓖麻油和一份乙醇组成的类似体积的剂量却可以轻松而有力地刺激吞咽。
5.有毒液体和正常猫不喜欢的液体很容易引起纯反射动物的吞咽；然而，经过几次重复之后，它们会诱发反射性排斥、干呕等，而不是吞咽。
6. 固体丸剂——例如根据我们对这种制剂的经验，肉块作为刺激物的效果远不如几滴噬菌液（例如肉块）有效。水。
7. 在我们准备向舌头的会厌前区域注射一定剂量的液体时，所兴奋的第一个运动通常是舌头后部的短暂凹陷和杯状，这紧接着舌头的有力抬起和聚拢，这是颊咽吞咽的基本舌头运动。整个软腭的切除并不会导致吞咽一剂液体无效或明显受损，即使制剂被倒置（即倒置）。仰卧。
8.三叉神经舌支和中间神经（鼓索）传入纤维的法拉第化抑制了颊咽吞咽，要么延长后者的潜伏期，要么暂时完全抑制它。但这种抑制作用并不强大，也不持久。
9.通过单极方法用柱头电极从第四脑室底部的中央凹弱电感应，容易且有规律地兴奋吞咽。在弱电流的情况下，心室底部的任何其他点都不会产生这种效应。在吞咽的同时，中央凹刺激导致喉部和胸部的呼吸运动停止，就像正常吞咽一样；还有脉搏的变化，就像正常吞咽一样。
10.在刺激中央凹的情况下，对反射性吞咽的促进期、总和期、不应期和全有或全无特征进行观察。
11. 在反射准备中，用图解法研究了伴随吞咽的呼吸停止。吞咽小剂量引起的呼吸节律紊乱，例如吞咽。研究发现，25 c.c. 的稀酒精（25%）比吞咽大剂量酒精造成的后果要大得多，例如吞咽酒精。 2 c.c. 水。
12.阿托品可以消除吞咽过程中发生的脉搏减慢和随之而来的动脉压下降。
进行实验所产生的部分费用由管理政府拨款基金的英国皇家学会委员会善意允许的拨款支付。
1. A method is described for obtaining speedily, under deep narcosis, by ablation of the whole cerebrum and the greater part of mesencephalon, a mammalian reflex preparation yielding uniform reactions. In this preparation the floor of the oral chamber and the faucial and narial entrances into pharynx lie freely exposed; opportunity is thus given for direct inspection of the first phases of deglutition. Observations on reflex deglutition in this preparation are described.
2. Localised moderate pressure applied to points in an area about 2·5 cm. long on the back wall and slope of the roof of the pharynx evoked the swallow readily. Similar pressure applied to the soft palate, epiglottis, and hyo-epiglottidean part of the dorsum of the tongue evoked the swallow less readily than did such pressure in the above area.
3. Water and watery fluids introduced even in very small quantity—e.g. 1 c.c.—over the extreme posterior part of the tongue evoked deglutition in the preparation with readiness and regularity. A larger dose evoked the swallow more quickly than a smaller one.
4. Some fluids were found to excite swallowing more readily and potently than others. Dilute alcohol was the most markedly phagetic agent we met with, considerably more potent even than water or saliva. Glycerine evoked reflex swallowing markedly. On the other hand, the oils tried—olive oil, cod liver oil, and castor oil—excited swallowing very poorly; they were practically aphagetic. Addition of alcohol to an aphagetic oil gave a mixture of good phagetic power; thus, although a dose of castor oil scarcely excited swallowing at all, a dose of similar volume made up of three parts of the oil with one part of ethyl alcohol excited swallowing readily and powerfully.
5. Noxious fluids and fluids distasteful to the normal cat evoked the swallow readily in the purely reflex animal; after some repetitions, however, they induced reflex rejection, retching, etc., in place of swallowing.
6. Solid boluses—e.g. pieces of meat—were, in our experience with this preparation, much less effective as stimuli than were even a few drops of the phagetic fluids—e.g. water.
7. In our preparation on administration of a dose of fluid to the preepiglottidean region of the tongue the first movement excited was very commonly a brief depression and cupping of the back part of the tongue, and this immediately preceded the powerful lifting and bunching up of the tongue, the essential tongue movement of the bucco-pharyngeal swallow. Excision of the whole soft palate did not render ineffective, or obviously impair, the swallowing of a dose of fluid, even when the preparation was inverted—i.e. supine.
8. Faradisation of the lingualis branch of trigeminus and of the afferent fibres of nervus intermedius (chorda tympani) inhibited the buccopharyngeal swallow, either prolonging the latency of the latter or suppressing it temporarily altogether. But the inhibition was not powerful or long-lasting.
9. From the fovea inferior of the floor of the IVth ventricle weak faradisation with the stigmatic electrode by the unipolar method excited swallowing readily and regularly. With weak currents no other point in the floor of the ventricle produced this effect. Simultaneously with the swallowing the foveal stimulation caused arrest of the respiratory movements of larynx and chest, as in normal swallowing; also a change in pulserate, as in normal swallowing.
10. Under employment of stimulation of the fovea observations were made on facilitation, summation, refractory phase, and the all-or-nothing feature of the reflex swallow.
11. In the reflex preparation the arrest of breathing which accompanies swallowing was studied by the graphic method. The disturbance to respiratory rhythm caused by swallowing a small dose, e.g. 25 c.c., of dilute (25 per cent.) alcohol was found to be much greater than that caused by swallowing a much larger dose, e.g. 2 c.c., of water.
12. The slowing of pulse and accompanying fall of arterial pressure occurring during swallowing were set aside by atropine.
The expenses incurred in making the experiments were in part defrayed by a grant kindly allowed by the Committee of the Royal Society administering the Government Grant Fund.