Gender Productivity Gap Among Star Performers in STEM and Other Scientific Fields
Gender Productivity Gap Among Star Performers in STEM and Other Scientific Fields
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DOI：
10.1037/apl0000331
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发表时间：
2018-12-01
影响因子：
9.9
通讯作者：
Joo, Harry
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Aguinis, Herman;Ji, Young Hun;Joo, Harry
我们研究了科学、技术、工程、数学和其他科学领域（即，应用心理学、数学心理学），特别是在星星表演者中。研究1包括3，853名研究人员，他们发表了3，161篇数学文章。研究2包括45，007名研究人员，他们在遗传学领域发表了7，746篇文章。研究3包括4，081名研究人员，他们在应用心理学领域发表了2，807篇文章，6，337名研究人员在数学心理学领域发表了3，796篇文章。结果表明：（a）指数截止的幂律是跨领域和跨性别群体的研究生产率的最佳拟合分布;（B）明星之间存在相当大的性别生产率差距，有利于跨领域的男性。具体来说，当我们考虑更多的精英表现范围时，女性的代表性不足更为极端（即，前10%、5%和1%的执行者）。从概念上讲，研究结果表明，个体在研究生产力上的差异主要是因为增量分化的生成机制，这是一种产生幂律指数截止的机制。此外，研究结果表明，男子之间的递增差异更大，某些形式的歧视可能不成比例地限制妇女的产出增长。实际上，研究结果表明，妇女可能需要积累更多的科学知识、资源和社会资本，才能达到与男性同行相同的总产出增长水平。最后，我们提供了干预措施，旨在减少限制妇女之间的增量差异，这可能是有用的缩小性别生产力差距，特别是在星星表演。
We examined the gender productivity gap in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and other scientific fields (i.e., applied psychology, mathematical psychology), specifically among star performers. Study 1 included 3,853 researchers who published 3,161 articles in mathematics. Study 2 included 45,007 researchers who published 7,746 articles in genetics. Study 3 included 4,081 researchers who published 2,807 articles in applied psychology and 6,337 researchers who published 3,796 articles in mathematical psychology. Results showed that (a) the power law with exponential cutoff is the best-fitting distribution of research productivity across fields and gender groups and (b) there is a considerable gender productivity gap among stars in favor of men across fields. Specifically, the underrepresentation of women is more extreme as we consider more elite ranges of performance (i.e., top 10%, 5%, and 1% of performers). Conceptually, results suggest that individuals vary in research productivity predominantly because of the generative mechanism of incremental differentiation, which is the mechanism that produces power laws with exponential cutoffs. Also, results suggest that incremental differentiation occurs to a greater degree among men and certain forms of discrimination may disproportionately constrain women's output increments. Practically, results suggest that women may have to accumulate more scientific knowledge, resources, and social capital to achieve the same level of increase in total outputs as their male counterparts. Finally, we offer recommendations on interventions aimed at reducing constraints for incremental differentiation among women that could be useful for narrowing the gender productivity gap specifically among star performers.