Expressing the central nervous system.
Expressing the central nervous system.
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表达中枢神经系统。
DOI：
10.1023/a:1020983805928
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发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Gage,FredH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zhao,Xinyu;Gage,FredH
早在人类基因组计划的概念提出之前，科学家就意识到基因表达调控在生物过程中的重要性。同样显而易见的是，每个生物过程都涉及许多基因的表达调控，而生物途径图是如此复杂，几乎每个点都与其他点相连。此外，随着新克隆基因的数量每年呈指数级增长，到20世纪90年代，很明显需要一种新的监测基因表达的方法。基因表达谱分析，首先由Pat Brown的小组使用双色cDNA微阵列应用于分析转基因拟南芥（Schena等人，1995年），很快得到了科学界的认可，因为它在研究许多生物系统的强大影响。随着人类基因组和其他模式生物的测序，我们进入了后基因组时代。现在可以在基因组水平上研究不同条件下组织和细胞的整体基因表达模式。据估计，超过50%的基因在中枢神经系统（CNS）中表达，其中许多是脑特异性基因（Luo和Geschwind，2001）。然而，由于脑组织结构复杂，神经元和神经胶质细胞种类繁多，使脑组织基因表达谱研究面临巨大挑战，神经科学家在基因表达谱分析方面相对滞后。首先，这些基因中的许多基因仅由特定细胞类型暂时表达。每个大脑区域由许多不同的细胞类型（神经元，神经胶质等）组成，具有不同的功能，这使得在没有稀释效应的情况下难以研究区域和细胞类型特异性基因表达。第二，许多重要的基因以低水平表达，低于许多目前可用的微阵列可检测的水平。三、新鲜
Long before the concept of the human genome project was proposed, scientists realized the importance of gene expression regulation in biological processes. It had also become apparent that each biological process involves the expression regulation of many genes, and that biological pathway maps are so complex that almost every point is linked to every other point. In addition, with the number of newly cloned genes increasing exponentially every year, it was clear by the 1990s that a new way of monitoring gene expression was needed. Gene expression profile analysis, first applied to analyze transgenic Arabidopsis by Pat Brown’s group using two-color cDNA microarrays (Schena et al., 1995), quickly received recognition in the scientific community because of its powerful implications in studying many biological systems. With the sequencing of the human genome and other model organisms, we are in the post-genome era. It is now possible to study global gene expression patterns of tissues and cells under different conditions on a genomic level. Both cDNA-based microarrays and oligo nucleotidebased microarrays are commercially available and produce high quality results.It has been estimated that more than 50% of genes are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), and many of these are brain—specific genes (Luo and Geschwind, 2001). However, neuroscien-tists have lagged behind in using gene expression profiling analysis because the complex organization of the brain and the many types of neuronal and glial cells in it make the brain a great challenge for gene expression study. First, many of these genes are expressed only temporarily by specific cell types. Each brain region consists of many different cell types (neuronal, glial and others) with distinct functions, which makes it difficult to study regional and cell type-specific gene expression Without a dilution effect. Second, many important genes are expressed at low levels that are lower than the levels detectable by many currently available microarrays. Third, fresh