Reward-Based Learning as a Function of Severity of Substance Abuse Risk in Drug-Naïve Youth with ADHD.
Reward-Based Learning as a Function of Severity of Substance Abuse Risk in Drug-Naïve Youth with ADHD.
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基于奖励的学习作为患有 ADHD 的未吸毒青少年药物滥用风险严重程度的函数。
DOI：
10.1089/cap.2018.0010
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Ivanov,Iliyan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Parvaz,MuhammadA;Kim,Kristen;Froudist-Walsh,Sean;Newcorn,JeffreyH;Ivanov,Iliyan
目的：注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)与物质使用障碍(SUD)的高风险相关，特别是因为ADHD的青少年与SUD的个体相似，表现出学习能力和奖赏处理的缺陷。另一个已知的SUD危险因素是物质依赖家族史。有SUD家族史的青少年表现出奖赏加工缺陷，外化障碍的患病率更高，冲动得分更高。因此，这项概念验证研究的主要目的是调查在毒品天真的青少年中发生SUD的风险负荷(ADHD和父母物质使用)是否影响与奖励相关的学习。方法：41名毒品天真的青少年被分成三组：健康对照组(HC，n= 13；既不是ADHD，也不是父母的SUD)、低风险(LR，n= 13；仅有ADHD)和高风险(HR，n= 15；ADHD和父母的SUD)，执行一项新的预期、冲突和奖励(ACR)任务。除了常规的反应时(RT)和准确性分析外，我们还分析了包括学习率在内的计算变量，并评估了获知的奖赏概率预测和刺激一致性预测对反应时的影响。结果：对学习速度、一致性和预测的多变量方差分析显示这些变量之间存在显著的主群体效应[F(3，37) = 3.79，p= 0.018]。对学习速度有显著的线性效应(对比度估计 = 0.181，p= 0.038)，刺激一致性对反应时测试的影响(对比度估计 = 1.16，p= 0.017)。LR青少年的得分介于HC和HR青少年之间。结论：这些初步结果表明，在药物天真的青少年中，学习障碍和对任务困难的适应能力是SUD风险负荷增加的函数。这些结果还突显了开发和应用计算模型来研究行为中的复杂细节的重要性，而典型的分析方法论可能对这些细节不敏感。
Objective:Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with elevated risk for later development of substance use disorders (SUD), specifically because youth with ADHD, similar to individuals with SUD, exhibit deficits in learning abilities and reward processing. Another known risk factor for SUD is familial history of substance dependence. Youth with familial SUD history show reward processing deficits, higher prevalence of externalizing disorders, and higher impulsivity scores. Thus, the main objective of this proof-of-concept study is to investigate whether risk loading (ADHD and parental substance use) for developing SUD in drug-naïve youth impacts reward-related learning.Methods:Forty-one drug-naïve youth, stratified into three groups: Healthy Controls (HC,n= 13; neither ADHD nor parental SUD), Low Risk (LR,n= 13; ADHD only), and High Risk (HR,n= 15; ADHD and parental SUD), performed a novel Anticipation, Conflict, and Reward (ACR) task. In addition to conventional reaction time (RT) and accuracy analyses, we analyzed computational variables including learning rates and assessed the influence of learned predictions of reward probability and stimulus congruency on RT.Results:The multivariate ANOVA on learning rate, congruence, and prediction revealed a significant main Group effect across these variables [F(3, 37) = 3.79,p= 0.018]. There were significant linear effects for learning rate (Contrast Estimate = 0.181,p= 0.038) and the influence of stimulus congruency on RTs (Contrast Estimate = 1.16,p= 0.017).Post hoccomparisons revealed that HR youth showed the most significant deficits in accuracy and learning rates, while stimulus congruency had a lower impact on RTs in this group. LR youth showed scores between those of the HC and HR youth.Conclusion:These preliminary results suggest that deficits in learning and in adjusting to task difficulty are a function of increasing risk loading for SUD in drug-naïve youth. These results also highlight the importance of developing and applying computational models to study intricate details in behavior that typical analytic methodology may not be sensitive to.