Histidine kinases from bacteria to humans
Histidine kinases from bacteria to humans
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DOI：
10.1042/bst20130019
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发表时间：
2013-08-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Attwood, Paul V.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Attwood, Paul V.
自 1962 年 Boyer 及其同事首次发现蛋白质组氨酸磷酸化以来，已有 50 多年的历史。然而，组氨酸激酶的认识仍远不如丝氨酸/苏氨酸和酪氨酸激酶。最著名的组氨酸激酶是存在于细菌、真菌和植物中的双组分信号激酶。这些激酶、它们的同源反应调节剂和相关的磷酸中继蛋白的机制和功能越来越被人们所了解。当高等真核生物的基因组开始测序时，除了一些后来被证明不能发挥组氨酸激酶功能的相关线粒体酶外，它们似乎并不含有双组分组氨酸激酶系统同源物。然而，由于对多种真核生物的基因组测序的迅速发展，很明显，存在与高等真核生物中的双组分组氨酸激酶系统的组分相对应的蛋白质，并且这些生物体中可能存在可操作的双组分激酶系统。有明确的直接证据表明蛋白质组氨酸磷酸化确实发生在哺乳动物中。迄今为止，只有核苷二磷酸激酶被证明参与蛋白质组氨酸磷酸化，但其作用机制尚不清楚。很明显，哺乳动物中也存在其他尚未确定的组氨酸激酶，并且蛋白质组氨酸磷酸化可能在高等真核生物中发挥重要作用。
It is more than 50 years since protein histidine phosphorylation was first discovered in 1962 by Boyer and co-workers; however, histidine kinases are still much less well recognized than the serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases. The best-known histidine kinases are the two-component signalling kinases that occur in bacteria, fungi and plants. The mechanisms and functions of these kinases, their cognate response regulators and associated phosphorelay proteins are becoming increasingly well understood. When genomes of higher eukaryotes began to be sequenced, it did not appear that they contained two-component histidine kinase system homologues, apart from a couple of related mitochondrial enzymes that were later shown not to function as histidine kinases. However, as a result of the burgeoning sequencing of genomes from a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms, it is clear that there are proteins that correspond to components of the two-component histidine kinase systems in higher eukaryotes and that operational two-component kinase systems are likely to occur in these organisms. There is unequivocal direct evidence that protein histidine phosphorylation does occur in mammals. So far, only nucleoside diphosphate kinases have been shown to be involved in protein histidine phosphorylation, but their mechanisms of action are not well understood. It is clear that other, yet to be identified, histidine kinases also exist in mammals and that protein histidine phosphorylation may play important roles in higher eukaryotes.