The comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the world -: Policy options for an integrated sustainable water future
The comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the world -: Policy options for an integrated sustainable water future
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DOI：
10.1080/02508069808686730
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发表时间：
1998-03-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Björklund, G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kuylenstierna, J;Najlis, P;Björklund, G
目前世界许多地区对淡水资源的利用是不可持续的。 PI-cw~tly。关于我们-thit~ d 01 世界人口生活在遭受中度至重度缺水的地区，即。水限制了经济和社会发展的可能性。 Unlcs？采取行动。高达世界人口的三分之二。到 2025 年，55 亿人将面临这种情况的风险。同时，留下足够的清洁水来保护水生和陆地生态系统至关重要。由于几乎所有人类活动的污染，水质正在恶化。例如，发展中国家的大多数城市处理的污水仍然不足 10%。 1995 年，20% 的世界人口无法获得安全饮用水，多达 20% 的人口无法获得足够的卫生设施。为了到 2025 年为世界上所有人提供卫生设施，未来 30 年将需要为 50 亿人提供服务，即每天约 45 万人。这些是最近完成的世界淡水资源综合评估的一些主要结论。该报告是根据可持续发展委员会（CSD）1994年第二次会议的要求编写的，并分别提交给1997年4月和6月可持续发展委员会第十届会议和联合国大会特别会议。该评估是由来自多个联合国组织（政策协调和可持续发展部、发展支持和管理服务部、粮食及农业组织、联合国开发计划署、联合国环境规划署、联合国教育、科学和文化组织、联合国工业发展组织、世界银行、世界卫生组织和世界气象组织）和斯德哥尔摩环境研究所的代表组成的指导委员会编写的。许多人对世界的印象是一个蓝色星球sin<, e 70 pw ccnl 01 它的 sul-t-ace 被水覆盖。“然而，现实是 97.5% 的水是咸水，只有 2.5% 是淡水。近 70% 的淡水被锁在南极洲和格陵兰岛的冰原中，其余大部分以土壤水分的形式存在。或位于深层地下含水层中，作为地下水无法供人类使用。不到世界淡水的百分之一。或地球上所有水的约 0.007%，可供人类直接使用。这是在湖泊中发现的水。河流、水库。以及相对较浅的地下水源。这一数额会定期因降雨和降雪而更新，因此是可持续的。
The current use of the freshwater resowxs in many parts of the wwld is snot sustainable. PI-cw~ tly. about we-thit~ d 01 the world population is living in areas suffering from moderate to severe water stress, ie. where water limits the possibilities of economic and social development. Unlcs? actions are taken. up to two-thirds of the world population. or clox to 5.5 billion people, will be at risk of facing this situation by 2025. At the same time, it is of uttnost importance to leave enough clean water to preserve aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Water quality is deteriorating due to pollution from almost all human activities. As an example can be mcntioned that most cities in the developing world still treats less than IO per cent of the sewage. In 1995, 20 per cent of the world population lacked access to safe drinking water and as much as SO per cent lacked access to adequate sanitation. In order to provide all people of the world with access to sanitation by 2025, five billion will need to be served over the next 30 years, or about 450,000 each day. These are some of the major conclusions in the recently completed Comprehensive Assessment on the Freshwater Resources of the World. The report was prepared pursuant to a request from the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) at its second session in I994 and was submitted to the lifth session of the CSD and the special session of the General Assembly of the United Nations in April and June I997 respectively. The assessment was prepared through a Steering Committee composed of representatives from a numher of United Nations organizations (Department of Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development, Department of Development Suppol-t and Management Services, Food and Agriculture Organization. United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultunll Organization, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, World Bank. World Health Organization, and World Meteorological Organization) and the Stockholm Environment Institute.Many people have an image of the world as a blue planet sin<, e 70 pw ccnl 01 its sul-t-ace is covered with water.‘The reality is, however, that 97.5 per cent of the water is saline and only 2.5 per cent is fresh water. Nearly 70 per cent of that fresh water is locked in the icesheets of Antarctica and Greenland, and most of the remainder is present as soil moisture. or lies in deep underground aquifers as ground water not accessible to human use. Less than I per cent 01 the world’s fresh water. or about 0.007 per cent of all water on earth, is readily accessible for direct human uses. This is the water found in lakes. rivers, reservoirs. and relatively shallow groundwater sources. This amount is regularly renewed by rain and snowfall, and is therefore available on a sustainable basis.