Masters of asymmetry - lessons and perspectives from 50 years of septins.
Masters of asymmetry - lessons and perspectives from 50 years of septins.
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DOI：
10.1091/mbc.e19-11-0648
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发表时间：
2020-10-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
McMurray MA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Spiliotis ET;McMurray MA
Septins是一个独特的GTP酶家族，50年前被发现是芽殖酵母细胞形状不对称和分裂的必需基因。间隔蛋白组装成丝状非极性聚合物，与不同的膜大结构域和肌动蛋白细丝和微管亚群相关。虽然在结构上是一个类似细胞骨架的元件，但Septins主要作为蛋白质定位和相互作用的空间调节因子发挥作用。Septin支架和屏障为细胞膜不对称性的产生和维持提供了一个长期存在的范例。分隔素还通过调节肌动蛋白和微管细胞骨架的空间组织，以及偏向膜交通的方向性来促进不对称性。在这个50周年的展望中，我们强调了Septins如何保守和适应它们作为跨真菌和动物的膜和细胞质不对称的效应者的角色。最后，我们概述了Septin作为对称破坏模块的作用原理，它与单体小GTP酶一起为分子不对称和细胞极性的生物发生提供了核心机制。
Septins are a unique family of GTPases, which were discovered 50 years ago as essential genes for the asymmetric cell shape and division of budding yeast. Septins assemble into filamentous nonpolar polymers, which associate with distinct membrane macrodomains and subpopulations of actin filaments and microtubules. While structurally a cytoskeleton-like element, septins function predominantly as spatial regulators of protein localization and interactions. Septin scaffolds and barriers have provided a long-standing paradigm for the generation and maintenance of asymmetry in cell membranes. Septins also promote asymmetry by regulating the spatial organization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, and biasing the directionality of membrane traffic. In this 50th anniversary perspective, we highlight how septins have conserved and adapted their roles as effectors of membrane and cytoplasmic asymmetry across fungi and animals. We conclude by outlining principles of septin function as a module of symmetry breaking, which alongside the monomeric small GTPases provides a core mechanism for the biogenesis of molecular asymmetry and cell polarity.