Exposure of US Children to Residential Dust Lead, 1999-2004: I. Housing and Demographic Factors
Exposure of US Children to Residential Dust Lead, 1999-2004: I. Housing and Demographic Factors
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.11917
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发表时间：
2009-03-01
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Ashley, Peter J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gaitens, Joanna M.;Dixon, Sherry L.;Ashley, Peter J.
背景：受铅污染的房屋灰尘是美国儿童铅暴露的主要来源。 1999-2004 年，国家健康和营养检查调查 (NI-LANES) 从 12-60 个月大儿童的家中收集了尘埃铅 (PbD) 负荷样本。 目的：在这项研究中，我们旨在将国家 PbD 水平与现有的基于健康的标准进行比较，并确定与地板和窗台 PbD 相关的住房和人口因素。方法：我们使用 NHANES PbD 数据（n = 2,065，来自楼层）和 n = 1,618 来自窗台）和协变量构建线性和逻辑回归模型。 结果：人口加权几何平均地板和窗台 PbD 分别为 0.5 μ g/ft(2) [几何标准误差 (GSE) = 1.0] 和 7.6 μ g/ft(2) (GSE = 1.0)。只有 0.16% 的地板和 4.0% 的窗台的 PbD 分别达到或高于现行联邦标准 40 和 250 mu g/ft(2)。收入、种族/族裔、地板表面/状况、窗台 PbD、施工年份、最近装修、吸烟和调查年份是地板 PbD 的显着预测因素 [模型所解释的因变量变异性比例 (R-2) = 35%]。一组类似的预测因素加上 1950 年之前的房屋中存在大面积的外部劣化油漆以及内部劣化油漆的存在解释了窗台 PbD 的 20% 的变异性。配套文章 [Dixon 等人。 Environ Health Perspect 117:468-474 (2009)] 描述了儿童血铅与 PbD 之间的关系。结论：大多数有儿童的房屋的 PbD 水平符合联邦标准，但可能会使儿童处于危险之中。在我们基于人群的模型中，与 PbD 相关的因素与在较小的高危人群中确定的因素基本相同。地板和窗台上的 PbD 含量应尽可能低，以保护儿童。
BACKGROUND: Lead-contaminated house dust is a major source of lead exposure for children in the United States. In 1999-2004, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NI-LANES) collected dust lead (PbD) loading samples from the homes of children 12-60 months of age.OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to compare national PbD levels with existing health-based standards and to identify housing and demographic factors associated with floor and windowsill PbD.METHODS: We used NHANES PbD data (n = 2,065 from floors and n = 1,618 from windowsills) and covariates to construct linear and logistic regression models.RESULTS: The population-weighted geometric mean floor and windowsill PbD were 0.5 mu g/ft(2) [geometric standard error (GSE) = 1.0] and 7.6 mu g/ft(2) (GSE = 1.0), respectively. Only 0.16% of the floors and 4.0% of the sills had PbD at or above current federal standards of 40 and 250 mu g/ft(2), respectively. Income, race/ethnicity, floor surface/condition, windowsill PbD, year of construction, recent renovation, smoking, and survey year were significant predictors of floor PbD [the proportion of variability in the dependent variable accounted for by the model (R-2) = 35%]. A similar set of predictors plus the presence of large areas of exterior deteriorated paint in pre-1950 homes and the presence of interior deteriorated paint explained 20% of the variability in sill PbD. A companion article [Dixon et al. Environ Health Perspect 117:468-474 (2009)] describes the relationship between children's blood lead and PbD.CONCLUSION: Most houses with children have PbD levels that comply with federal standards but may put children at risk. Factors associated with PbD in our population-based models are primarily the same as factors identified in smaller at-risk cohorts. PbD on floors and windowsills should be kept as low as possible to protect children.