The centennial of the Sagnac experiment in the optical regime: From a tabletop experiment to the variation of the Earth's rotation
The centennial of the Sagnac experiment in the optical regime: From a tabletop experiment to the variation of the Earth's rotation
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DOI：
10.1016/j.crhy.2014.10.003
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发表时间：
2014-12-01
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Wells, Jon-Paul R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schreiber, Karl Ulrich;Gebauer, Andre;Wells, Jon-Paul R.
研究光束在旋转坐标系中的非互易性是乔治萨尼亚克历史性的桌面实验的主要动机。十多年后，他的开创性实验扩展到一个非常大的装置，该装置足够灵敏，允许迈克尔逊，皮尔逊和盖尔通过光学干涉仪解决地球的旋转速率。随着上个世纪六十年代早期激光器的出现，具有环形结构的旋转激光腔表现出上级性能，并且很快成熟到机械陀螺仪在飞机导航中被激光陀螺仪迅速取代的程度。当大大升级的环形激光器在20世纪世纪末被带回实验室时，将Sagnac效应应用于大地测量以监测地球自转的微小变化的目标是主要动机。大型环形激光器G是新西兰-德国合作建造的一系列仪器中最稳定的仪器，它通常能将地球的自转速度分辨到8个数量级以上。由于G直接参考地球自转轴，因此在环形激光器获得的干涉图中可以发现周日极移、钱德勒和年抖动以及固体地球潮汐倾斜的影响。G还表现出对与地震事件相关的旋转的高敏感性。解析了地球在大地震激发下的环向本征模。对于包含在微震背景信号中的Love波信号，已经测量到令人惊讶的大幅度。本文综述了近年来高灵敏度大型Sagnac陀螺仪的发展，并介绍了在地球自转测量中的独特结果。(C)2014年科学院。由Elsevier Masson SAS出版。All rights reserved.
The investigation of non-reciprocal behavior of optical beams in a rotating reference frame was the main motivation of the historic tabletop experiment of George Sagnac. His ground-breaking experiment was extended to a very large installation more than a decade later, which was sensitive enough to allow Michelson, Pearson and Gale to resolve the rotation rate of the Earth by an optical interferometer. With the advent of lasers in the early sixties of the last century, rotating laser cavities with a ring structure demonstrated superior performance and very soon matured to a point where mechanical gyroscopes were quickly superseded by laser gyroscopes in aircraft navigation. When vastly upscaled ring lasers were taken back to the laboratory at the end of the 20th century, the goal of applying the Sagnac effect to geodesy for the monitoring of tiny variations of Earth's rotation was the main motivation. The large-ring laser G, which is the most stable instrument out of a series of instruments built by the New Zealand-German collaboration, routinely resolves the rotation rate of the Earth to better than eight orders of magnitude. Since G is directly referenced to the Earth rotation axis, the effect of diurnal polar motion, the Chandler and the Annual wobbles as well as tilts from the solid Earth tides can be found in the interferogram obtained from the ring laser. G has also demonstrated high sensitivity to rotations associated with seismic events. The toroidal eigenmodes of the Earth when they are excited by large earthquakes have been resolved. A surprisingly large amplitude has been measured for Love wave signals contained in the microseismic background signal. This paper summarizes the recent development of highly sensitive large Sagnac gyroscopes, and presents unique results from the measurements of rotations of the earth. (C) 2014 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.