The Tsunami of 26 December, 2004: Numerical Modeling and Energy Considerations
The Tsunami of 26 December, 2004: Numerical Modeling and Energy Considerations
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DOI：
10.1007/s00024-006-0162-7
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发表时间：
2007-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Z. Kowalik;W. Knight;T. Logan;P. Whitmore
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Z. Kowalik;W. Knight;T. Logan;P. Whitmore
将Kowaliket等人（2005）建立的全球海啸数值计算模型应用于2004年12月26日发生在世界大洋80°S ~ 69°N的海啸，空间分辨率为1分钟。由于计算域包含近2亿个网格点，因此开发了代码的并行版本，并在Cray X1超级计算机上运行。能量通量函数被用来研究能量从海啸源转移到大西洋和太平洋。虽然输入太平洋的第一个能量是主要的（直接）波，但来自斯里兰卡和马尔代夫东岸的反射是一个更大的来源。海啸从印度尼西亚，新西兰周围，并通过各种路线进入太平洋。通过深海直接到达北美的路径携带的能量很小，而更强的信号通过南太平洋洋脊传播了相当长的距离，因为这些水深特征放大了能量通量矢量。这些放大的能量流的旅行时间比第一波到达的时间长得多。这些大通量在澳大利亚和南极洲之间传播时以波浪状形式组织。较大通量的来源是来自塞舌尔、马尔代夫的多次反射和来自孟加拉湾的较慢的直接信号。进入大西洋的能量通量显示出不同的模式，因为能量是通过源函数的方向性被泵入该域的。流入太平洋的能量约占流入大西洋总能量的75%。在沿着太平洋和大西洋海岸的许多地方，第一个到达的信号或先导信号的幅度低于主信号，而主信号通常被延迟得多。了解这种时间分布对于海啸警报和预测的应用是重要的。
A numerical model for the global tsunamis computation constructed by Kowaliket al. (2005), is applied to the tsunami of 26 December, 2004 in the World Ocean from 80°S to 69°N with spatial resolution of one minute. Because the computational domain includes close to 200 million grid points, a parallel version of the code was developed and run on a Cray X1 supercomputer. An energy flux function is used to investigate energy transfer from the tsunami source to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Although the first energy input into the Pacific Ocean was the primary (direct) wave, reflections from the Sri Lankan and eastern shores of Maldives were a larger source. The tsunami traveled from Indonesia, around New Zealand, and into the Pacific Ocean by various routes. The direct path through the deep ocean to North America carried miniscule energy, while the stronger signal traveled a considerably longer distance via South Pacific ridges as these bathymetric features amplified the energy flux vectors. Travel times for these amplified energy fluxes are much longer than the arrival of the first wave. These large fluxes are organized in the wave-like form when propagating between Australia and Antarctica. The sources for the larger fluxes are multiple reflections from the Seychelles, Maldives and a slower direct signal from the Bay of Bengal. The energy flux into the Atlantic Ocean shows a different pattern since the energy is pumped into this domain through the directional properties of the source function. The energy flow into the Pacific Ocean is approximately 75% of the total flow to the Atlantic Ocean. In many locations along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, the first arriving signal, or forerunner, has lower amplitude than the main signal which often is much delayed. Understanding this temporal distribution is important for an application to tsunami warning and prediction.