Papillomaviruses Viral evolution, cancer and evolutionary medicine
Papillomaviruses Viral evolution, cancer and evolutionary medicine
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DOI：
10.1093/emph/eov003
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Felez-Sanchez, Marta
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bravo, Ignacio G.;Felez-Sanchez, Marta
乳头瘤病毒(PV)是一个小的dsDNA病毒家族，可感染几乎所有的哺乳动物。PVS会引起感染，但不会引发强烈的免疫反应，自然感染只能提供有限的保护，防止再次感染。大多数PV是皮肤微生物区系的一部分。在某些情况下，某些PV的感染具有不同的临床表现，从高产的自限性疣到浸润性癌症。我们建议PV作为一个很好的模型系统来研究免疫系统和引起慢性感染的病原体之间的进化相互作用：基因上，PV是非常多样化的，有数百种不同的基因类型感染皮肤和粘膜；表型上，它们表现出非常广泛的梯度和关键表型特征之间的权衡，即生产力、免疫原性、流行率、致瘤性和临床表现。已经启动了公共卫生干预措施，以减轻PV相关癌症的负担，包括对最具致癌性的人类PV进行大规模疫苗接种，以及对PV慢性肛门生殖感染进行系统筛查。抗-PVs疫苗可诱导对感染的保护，诱导对密切相关病毒的交叉保护，并导致群体免疫。然而，我们对PV感染的生态学和患者内动态的了解仍然不完整。我们仍然需要了解疫苗接种和筛查带来的新的人为选择压力将如何影响病毒的循环和流行病学。我们在这里概述了光伏病毒的进化及其引起的疾病的表型和临床表现之间的联系。病毒进化和癌症-疣-无症状感染之间的这种不同联系使PVS成为进化医学研究的特权游乐场。
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are a numerous family of small dsDNA viruses infecting virtually all mammals. PVs cause infections without triggering a strong immune response, and natural infection provides only limited protection against reinfection. Most PVs are part and parcel of the skin microbiota. In some cases, infections by certain PVs take diverse clinical presentations from highly productive self-limited warts to invasive cancers. We propose PVs as an excellent model system to study the evolutionary interactions between the immune system and pathogens causing chronic infections: genotypically, PVs are very diverse, with hundreds of different genotypes infecting skin and mucosa; phenotypically, they display extremely broad gradients and trade-offs between key phenotypic traits, namely productivity, immunogenicity, prevalence, oncogenicity and clinical presentation. Public health interventions have been launched to decrease the burden of PV-associated cancers, including massive vaccination against the most oncogenic human PVs, as well as systematic screening for PV chronic anogenital infections. Anti-PVs vaccines elicit protection against infection, induce cross-protection against closely related viruses and result in herd immunity. However, our knowledge on the ecological and intrapatient dynamics of PV infections remains fragmentary. We still need to understand how the novel anthropogenic selection pressures posed by vaccination and screening will affect viral circulation and epidemiology. We present here an overview of PV evolution and the connection between PV genotypes and the phenotypic, clinical manifestations of the diseases they cause. This differential link between viral evolution and the gradient cancer-warts-asymptomatic infections makes PVs a privileged playground for evolutionary medicine research.