Transit system design and vulnerability of riders to heat
Transit system design and vulnerability of riders to heat
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jth.2016.07.005
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发表时间：
2017-03-01
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Chester, Mikhail V.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fraser, Andrew M.;Chester, Mikhail V.
在美国，公共交通的利用率在过去十年中显著增加，被认为是减少城市地区能源使用和温室气体排放的一个关键组成部分。尽管公共交通具有减缓气候变化的潜力，但使用公共交通必然会暴露在环境中，这在极端高温时期可能会对健康造成危害。公交系统的设计，其中包括停止位置和时间表，被证明有助于访问和等待所造成的环境暴露。使用洛杉矶地铁（洛杉矶县，加利福尼亚州）和山谷地铁（亚利桑那州马奎拉县）作为在极端高温条件下运行的系统的案例研究，研究表明系统设计如何有助于热暴露时间，显着不同的社区之间。家庭层面的访问（步行）时间估计开发使用最短路径算法附近的过境站。个别过境站的等待时间估计来自公布的过境时间表和车载调查的答复。结果表明，公交用户从低居住密度，有限的高容量的道路和不规则的街道网络，并不位于沿着主要活动中心之间的直接路径的地区可能会遇到延长的访问和/或等待时间。公共交通可能有助于减轻气候变化的影响，但公共交通的支持者、机构和规划者应该认识到，不确定的气候未来可能会对越来越多的公共交通乘客产生影响。这些见解可以让我们主动管理和调整交通系统，以保护人们免受日益严重的健康问题的影响。(C)2016爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
In the United States public transit utilization has increased significantly in the last decade and is considered a critical component in reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas. Despite public transit's climate change mitigation potential, the use of transit necessitates environmental exposure which may be a health hazard during periods of extreme heat. Transit system design, which includes stop location and schedules, is shown to contribute to environmental exposure resulting from access and waiting. Using Los Angeles Metro (Los Angeles County, CA) and Valley Metro (Maricopa County, AZ) as case studies of systems operating in extreme heat conditions, the research demonstrates how system design contributes to heat exposure times that vary significantly between neighborhoods. Household level access (walking) time estimates are developed using a shortest path algorithm to nearby transit stops. Waiting time estimates for individual transit stops are derived from published transit schedules and on-board survey responses. The results show that transit users from areas with low residential density, limited high capacity roadways and irregular street networks, and not located along direct paths between major activity centers are likely to experience prolonged access and/or waiting times. Public transit may help mitigate climate change impacts but transit proponents, agencies and planners should be cognizant of the impact an uncertain climate future may have on a growing base of transit riders. These insights can allow us to proactively govern and adapt transit systems to protect people from a growing health concern. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.