The role of internal models and prediction in catching balls
The role of internal models and prediction in catching balls
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内部模型和预测在接球中的作用
DOI：
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Gorgos
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Hayhoe;Neil Mennie;Brian T. Sullivan;K. Gorgos
有相当多的证据表明，身体动力学的内部模型在运动控制中起着重要作用。然而，环境的内部模型的存在还不太确定。目前的工作提供了进一步的证据，存在复杂的内部模型的结构的环境。我们建议，这些模型被用来预测即将发生的事件和计划运动，在这些事件的预期。我们记录了眼睛，头部和手部的运动，而受试者抓住了反弹抛出的球。受试者最初注视投掷者的手，然后扫视到预期的弹跳点，然后追逐球，直到它接近手。然而，追球的能力取决于对球的动态特性的经验。当球意外地被一个更有弹性的球取代时，受试者无法跟踪球，而是进行了一系列的扫视。在2或3次试验中，受试者再次能够准确地追球。受试者在投掷或观看其他球员时表现出不同的运动模式。观察者的头部从投球手向接球手的移动，通常在球离开投球手的手之前的半秒就开始了开始。所有这些观察结果都表明，观察者在预期事件发生时调整身体位置，以收集关键信息。此外，他们建议观察者保持世界动态特性的内部模型，并在错误发生时迅速更新该模型。
There is considerable evidence for the role of internal models of the body’s dynamics in the control of movement. However, the existence of internal models of the environment is less well established. The present work provides further evidence of the existence of sophisticated internal models of the structure of the environment. We suggest that such models are used to predict upcoming events and plan movements in anticipation of those events. We recorded eye, head, and hand movements while subjects caught balls thrown with a bounce. Subjects initially fixate the hands of the thrower, then saccade to the anticipated bounce point, and then pursue the ball until it is close to the hands. However, ability to pursue the ball depends on experience with the ball’s dynamic properties. When the ball was unexpectedly replaced with a more elastic ball, subjects were unable to track the ball, and instead made a series of saccades. Within 2 or 3 trials, subjects were once again able to accurately pursue the ball. Subjects displayed a different pattern of movements when throwing or watching other players. The observer's head movements from thrower towards the catcher often begin as much as half a sec before the ball leaves the thrower’s hands. All these observations suggest that observers position their bodies in anticipation of expected events, in order to gather critical information. In addition, they suggest that observers maintain an internal model of the dynamic properties of the world, and rapidly update this model when errors occur.