Lead (Pb) exposure assessment in dried blood spots using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF).
Lead (Pb) exposure assessment in dried blood spots using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF).
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2020.110444
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发表时间：
2021-07
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Basu N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rodríguez-Saldaña V;Fobil J;Basu N
铅（Pb）暴露通常通过分析全血来确定，尽管静脉穿刺会造成伦理、经济和后勤障碍。干血斑（DBS）可能有助于克服这些障碍，虽然过去的研究测量DBS中的铅已受到质量控制，小样本量和其他问题的挑战。全反射X射线荧光（TXRF）可能有助于解决其中一些挑战，但尚未用于测量DBS中的铅。因此，本研究的目的是开发、验证和应用一种方法，使用TXRF分析DBS样品中的铅，用于人体生物监测研究。首先，我们开发了一种新方法（测试了一系列参数），然后使用血液参比物质根据ICH Q2 A和Q2 B以及欧洲生物分析论坛中列出的性能标准验证该方法。最后，我们应用的方法，两个人口谁pronounced不同的条件（41大学成员相对较低的铅暴露在临床环境中采样; 40电子废物工人相对较高的铅暴露在污染的现场环境中采样）。方法的检出限和定量限分别为0.28和0.69 μg/dL。该方法的总体精密度和准确度分别为15%和111%。在大学成员和电子废物工作者中，通过TXRF测量的平均（±SD）DBS Pb水平分别为0.78（± 0.46）和3.78（± 3.01）μg/dL，这些与使用ICP-MS测量的静脉全血中的Pb没有差异。Bland-Altman图分析表明，两组中通过TXRF测量的DBS Pb与通过ICP-MS测量的全血Pb之间具有良好的一致性。结合两个人群的数据，两种测量值之间不存在显着的恒定偏差（截距为0.02 μg/dL）或比例偏差（斜率为-0.02），LoA下限和上限分别为-0.86和0.91 μg/dL，LoA范围为1.77 μg/dL。这些结果表明，DBS中Pb含量的基于TXRF的分析是金标准（即，全血的ICP-MS分析），并有助于克服与当前方法相关的一些挑战。
Lead (Pb) exposure is often determined through the analysis of whole blood though venipuncture poses ethical, economic, and logistical barriers. Dried Blood Spots (DBS) may help overcome such barriers though past studies measuring Pb in DBS have been challenged with quality control, small sample volumes, and other issues. Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) may help address some of these challenges but has yet to be used to measure Pb in DBS. As such, the aim of the current study was to develop, validate, and apply a method to analyze Pb in DBS samples using TXRF for use in human biomonitoring studies. First, we developed a novel method (tested a range of parameters), and then used blood reference materials to validate the method against performance criteria listed in ICH Q2A and Q2B and the European Bioanalysis Forum. Finally, we applied the method to two populations who exemplify divergent conditions (41 university members with relatively low Pb exposures sampled in a clinical environment; 40 electronic waste workers with relatively high Pb exposures sampled in a contaminated field setting). The limits of detection and quantification of the method were 0.28 and 0.69 μg/dL, respectively. The overall precision and accuracy of the method were 15% and 111%, respectively. The mean (±SD) DBS Pb levels by TXRF in the university members and e-waste workers were 0.78 (± 0.46) and 3.78 (± 3.01) μg/dL, respectively, and these were not different from Pb measures in venous whole blood using ICP-MS. Bland-Altman plot analyses indicated good agreement between DBS Pb measures by TXRF versus whole blood Pb measures by ICP-MS in both groups. By combining data from the two population groups, there was no significant constant bias (intercept of 0.02 μg/dL) or proportional bias (slope was −0.02) between the two measures, and the lower and upper LoA were −0.86 and 0.91 μg/dL, respectively, with a LoA range of 1.77 μg/dL. These results demonstrate that TXRF-based analysis of Pb content in DBS is a good alternative to the gold standard (i.e., ICP-MS analysis of whole blood), and helps overcome some of the challenges associated with current methods.