NICKEL, COBALT AND CHROMIUM IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS - A ROLE IN ALLERGIC CONTACT-DERMATITIS
NICKEL, COBALT AND CHROMIUM IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS - A ROLE IN ALLERGIC CONTACT-DERMATITIS
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03318.x
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发表时间：
1993-01-01
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
BONTINCK, WJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BASKETTER, DA;BRIATICOVANGOSA, G;BONTINCK, WJ
尽管人们对镍、钴和铬可能导致皮肤过敏的认识有所提高，但对它们的敏感率普遍在增加，尤其是镍。我们回顾了有关消费品过渡金属污染的文献和工业数据，并评估了它对人类的危害。消费品被定义为经常在家务工作中使用的个人护理用品和洗涤剂/清洁产品。分析数据表明，消费品是接触镍、钴或铬的一个相对较小的来源。消费品中的痕量不会成为这些金属致敏的主要原因：水平太低，暴露时间太短。对这些金属敏感的人还有许多其他更重要的日常接触来源，如耳环、珠宝和金属物品。因此，有必要把重点放在减少从其他来源对这些过渡金属的高暴露，而不是消费产品中可能存在的微量。目前良好的生产实践确保消费产品中微量镍、钴和铬的浓度低于每种金属的5ppm。建议将其作为最高浓度的标准接受，目标应是达到低至百万分之一的浓度。
In spite of the improved awareness of the potential for nickel, cobalt and chromium to cause skin allergy, the incidence of sensitization to them is generally on the increase, especially for nickel. We review data from the literature and industry on transition metal contamination of consumer products and assess the hazard to man. Consumer products are defined as personal care items and detergent/cleaning products used regularly in domestic work. The analytical data demonstrate that consumer products are a relatively minor source of contact with nickel, cobalt or chromium. The traces found in consumer products will not be the primary cause of sensitization to these metals: levels will be too low and exposure too brief. A person sensitized to these metals has many other more significant sources of daily contact such as earrings, jewellery and metal objects. It is therefore necessary to focus on decreasing the high exposure to these transition metals from other sources rather than on possible trace amounts found in consumer products. Current good manufacturing practice ensures that trace nickel, cobalt and chromium concentrations in consumer products are less than 5 ppm of each metal. It is recommended that this be accepted as a standard for maximum concentrations and that the target should be to achieve concentrations as low as 1 ppm.