The Role of Ground Water in Generating Streamflow in Headwater Areas and in Maintaining Base Flow 1
The Role of Ground Water in Generating Streamflow in Headwater Areas and in Maintaining Base Flow 1
复制标题
地下水在源头地区产生水流和维持基流中的作用 1
DOI：
10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00003.x
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
T. C. Winter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. C. Winter
翻译后摘要：从源头到下游河段的流量和可持续性通常取决于地下水的贡献。 开始于广阔含水层的溪流通常有一个稳定的起源点，其源头有大量的流量。相比之下，开始为低渗透性岩石或沉积物排放的河流，其起源点随季节性在河道中上下移动，初期排放量很小，通常会变干。几乎所有的溪流都需要地下水的贡献，以便为水生生物提供可靠的栖息地。自然过程和人类活动可对河流上游和下游之间的水流产生重大影响。当溪流的水头高于邻近的地下水位时，溪流的水就会流失到地下水中。虽然在干旱地区很常见，但在潮湿地区，溪流水流失到地下水中也相对常见。蒸发以及河岸植被的蒸腾作用导致地下水位下降，也会导致溪流水的流失。人类抽取地下水通常会导致河流流量减少，在某些地区甚至会导致河流停止流动。
Abstract: The volume and sustainability of streamflow from headwaters to downstream reaches commonly depend on contributions from ground water. Streams that begin in extensive aquifers generally have a stable point of origin and substantial discharge in their headwaters. In contrast, streams that begin as discharge from rocks or sediments having low permeability have a point of origin that moves up and down the channel seasonally, have small incipient discharge, and commonly go dry. Nearly all streams need to have some contribution from ground water in order to provide reliable habitat for aquatic organisms. Natural processes and human activities can have a substantial effect on the flow of streams between their headwaters and downstream reaches. Streams lose water to ground water when and where their head is higher than the contiguous water table. Although very common in arid regions, loss of stream water to ground water also is relatively common in humid regions. Evaporation, as well as transpiration from riparian vegetation, causing ground‐water levels to decline also can cause loss of stream water. Human withdrawal of ground water commonly causes streamflow to decline, and in some regions has caused streams to cease flowing.