Sexing mammalian sperm for production of offspring: the state-of-the-art
Sexing mammalian sperm for production of offspring: the state-of-the-art
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DOI：
10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00088-9
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发表时间：
2000-07-02
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Johnson, LA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Johnson, LA
对牲畜后代性别的预先确定有很大的需求，对提供世界粮食供应的最有效生产至关重要。随着上一代动物农业发生的变化，在生产系统中应用性别预选变得越来越必要。目前的技术是基于众所周知的X型和y型精子在DNA含量上的差异。该方法已通过活产、对分选精子进行DNA含量的实验室再分析和胚胎活检来确定性别的基础上得到验证。该技术结合了改进的流式细胞仪分选仪器来分选携带X和y染色体的精子。由此产生的X或Y精子群体可以与猪和牛的体外受精结合使用，用于生产性别胚胎，并在妊娠期间转移给合格的受体。它也可用于输卵管内人工授精和牛的深子宫和常规人工授精。这种半实用的性别鉴定方法，虽然目前对某些生产系统（需要大量精子进行受精）不切实际，但可用于在许多牲畜操作中提供更灵活的后代生产选择。随着新技术的发展，性精子的产出率也在不断提高。高速分选是一项较新的技术进步，正在我们的实验室中使用，以提高分选精子的吞吐量。用我们最初的技术，我们每小时能筛选35万个精子。我们现在在常规条件下，对男女各筛选了六百万个。仅对X种群进行分选，每小时产生大约1800万个精子。技术的进步无疑会导致更多的使用有性精子，这取决于所涉及的物种。低精子数量的牛人工授精已被证明是利用性别技术的有效手段。解决猪精子数量低的授精问题将有利于利用性精子进行某种类型的深度人工授精。这种发展还将提高传统人工授精（AI）中使用较少精子数量的经济效益，并有助于全球养猪业的发展。将性精子用于濒危物种、实验室动物、业余爱好或宠物物种等非普通用途也令人感兴趣，这将成为下一个千年提高生殖效率的一部分。在未来几年中，对性精子的需求将为牲畜生产者提供许多选择，以寻求提高生产效率和提高产品质量，以提高消费者的接受度。(C) 2000由Elsevier Science B.V.出版，版权所有。
Predetermination of sex in livestock offspring is in great demand and is of critical importance to providing for the most efficient production of the world's food supply. With the changes that have taken place in animal agriculture over the past generation the application of sex preselection to production systems becomes increasingly necessary. The current technology is based on the well-known difference in X- and Y-sperm in the amount of DNA present. The method has been validated on the basis of live births, laboratory reanalysis of sorted sperm for DNA content and embryo biopsy for sex determination. The technology incorporates modified flow cytometric sorting instrumentation to sort X- and Y-bearing sperm. Resulting populations of X or Y sperm can be used in conjunction with IVF in swine and in cattle for the production of sexed embryos to be transferred to eligible recipients for the duration of gestation. It can also be used for intratubal insemination and for deep-uterine and conventional insemination in cattle. This semipractical sexing method, though currently impractical for some production systems (where large numbers of sperm are required for fertilization) could be used to provide a more flexible progeny-producing option in many livestock operations. Improvements in the production rate of sexed sperm continue as new technology is developed. High-speed sorting is one of the newer technological advances and is being used in our laboratory to increase sorted sperm throughput. With our original technology we sorted 350,000 sperm/h. We now sort 6 million of each sex, under routine conditions. Sorting only the X population results in about 18 million sperm/h. Improvements in the technology will no doubt lead to much greater usage of sexed sperm, depending on the species involved. Insemination of lower sperm numbers in cattle has proven to be an effective means of utilizing the sexing technology. solving the problems associated with inseminating low sperm numbers in the pig would be advantageous to the utilization of sexed sperm for some type of deep artificial insemination. Such a development would also enhance the economy of using lower sperm numbers with conventional artificial insemination (AI) and aid the swine industry world-wide. The use of sexed sperm for non-ordinary applications such as endangered species, laboratory animals, hobby or pet species is also of interest and will become a part of the move to be more reproductively efficient in the next millennium. Sexed sperm on demand over the next several years will provide livestock producers with many options in seeking to improve efficiency of production and improve quality of products to enhance consumer acceptability. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.