BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION - EFFECTS OF SPEED, SIZE AND LIMB POSTURE IN BIRDS AND HUMANS
BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION - EFFECTS OF SPEED, SIZE AND LIMB POSTURE IN BIRDS AND HUMANS
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04794.x
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发表时间：
1991-05-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
BIEWENER, AA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
GATESY, SM;BIEWENER, AA
七种地面鸟类（体重范围：0.045-90 公斤）在跑步机上行走和跑步时被拍摄。还拍摄了人类的高速光胶片，以比较鸟类和人类双足行走的运动模式。在所有物种中观察到一致的步频、步长、步长、占空因数和肢体偏移模式，其中大多数物种之间的差异是由于体型差异造成的。一般来说，与大型两足动物相比，较小的两足动物具有更高的步幅频率 (alpha-M-0.18)、更短的步幅长度 (alpha-M0.38) 以及每个步态内更有限的速度范围。在尺寸标准化后（基于 Froude 数，Alexander, 1977），剩余的运动学变化很大程度上是由于姿势和相对肢体节段长度的种间差异。就其尺寸而言，较小的两足动物比大型两足动物具有更大的步长、肢体偏移角度和占空因数，因为它们更蹲伏的姿势和更大的有效肢体长度。鸟类和人类之间肢体运动学最显着的差异发生在走跑过渡阶段，并且随着跑步速度的增加而保持不变。鸟类的步态变化是平滑且难以辨别的，但在人类中却很明显，包括步长和占空因数（接触时间）的突然减少以及肢体摆动时间的相应增加。这些差异似乎反映了类似弹簧的奔跑，对于人类来说是僵硬的（有利于弹性能量恢复），但对于鸟类来说则更顺从（增加了地面接触的时间）。鸟类和人类在身体质心平衡方面的差异不仅影响股骨的方向和运动，而且还影响肢体随速度的偏移模式。
Seven species of ground-dwelling birds (body mass range: 0.045-90 kg) were filmed while walking and running on a treadmill. High-speed light films were also taken of humans to compare kinematic patterns of avian with human bipedalism. Consistent patterns of stride frequency, stride length, step length, duty factor and limb excursion were observed in all species, with most of the variation among species being due to differences in body size. In general, smaller bipeds have higher stride frequencies (alpha-M-0.18), shorter stride lengths (alpha-M0.38) and more limited ranges of speed within each gait than large bipeds. After normalizing for size (based on Froude number, after Alexander, 1977), remaining kinematic variation is largely due to interspecific differences in posture and relative limb segment lengths. For their size, smaller bipeds have greater step lengths, limb excursion angles and duty factors than large bipeds because of their more crouched posture and greater effective limb length. The most notable differences in limb kinematics between birds and humans occur at the walk-run transition and are maintained as running speed increases. Change of gait is smooth and difficult to discern in birds, but distinct in humans, involving abrupt decreases in step length and duty factor (time of contact) and a corresponding increase in limb swing time. These differences appear to reflect a spring-like run that is stiff in humans (favouring elastic energy recovery) but more compliant in birds (increasing time of ground contact). Differences between birds and humans in balance of the body's centre of mass not only affect femoral orientation and motion, but also affect pattern of limb excursion with speed.