Three-Dimensional Iterative Enhancement for Coverage Hole Recovery in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
Three-Dimensional Iterative Enhancement for Coverage Hole Recovery in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
复制标题
DOI：
10.3390/jmse11122365
复制
发表时间：
2023-12
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Lingli Zhang;Chengming Luo;Xiyun Ge;Yuxin Cao;Haobo Zhang;Gaifang Xin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lingli Zhang;Chengming Luo;Xiyun Ge;Yuxin Cao;Haobo Zhang;Gaifang Xin
由于水下节点资源的稀缺性，水下无线传感器网络的有效覆盖变得越来越重要。复杂的水下环境、水流力和起伏的海床降低了水下节点的覆盖效果，甚至导致uwsn出现覆盖孔。针对UWSN覆盖分布不均匀和覆盖孔存在的问题，提出了一种基于智能搜索和虚拟力的UWSN覆盖孔恢复三维迭代增强算法。利用生物启发式搜索算法，采用改进粒子群算法进行节点预覆盖。随着迭代次数的变化，自适应惯性权值、加速度因子和节点位置不断更新。为避免搜索陷入局部最优导致覆盖孔过多，将水下节点视为势场中的粒子，计算虚力引导节点向更高覆盖位置移动。此外，基于算法得到的最优节点位置，基于聚类思想对监控区域进行划分。随后，采用基于深度信息的水下路由协议DBR对节点剩余能量进行优化，综合计算其平均值，并与采用DBR路由协议的其他三种覆盖算法进行比较。实验数据表明，经过100次迭代，BES、3D-IVFA、DABVF和本文算法的覆盖率分别为83.28%、88.85%、89.31%和91.36%。并从不同节点数、覆盖效率、节点运动轨迹、覆盖孔、节点平均剩余能量等方面进一步验证了算法，为海洋环境中的资源开发和科学研究提供了条件。
The efficient coverage of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) has become increasingly important because of the scarcity of underwater node resources. Complex underwater environments, water flow forces, and undulating seabed reduce the coverage effect of underwater nodes, even leading to coverage holes in UWSNs. To solve the problems of uneven coverage distribution and coverage holes, a three-dimensional iterative enhancement algorithm is proposed for UWSN coverage hole recovery using intelligent search followed by virtual force. Benefiting from biological heuristic search algorithms, improved particle swarm optimization is applied for node pre-coverage. With the change in iteration times, the adaptive inertia weight, acceleration factor, and node position are constantly updated. To avoid excessive coverage holes caused by search falling into local optimum, underwater nodes are considered as particles in the potential field whose virtual forces are calculated to guide nodes towards higher coverage positions. In addition, based on the optimal node location obtained by the proposed algorithm, the monitoring area is divided based on the clustering idea. The underwater routing protocol DBR based on depth information is subsequently used to optimize node residual energy, and its average is calculated comprehensively and compared with the other three coverage algorithms using the DBR routing protocol. Based on the experimental data, after 100 iterations, the coverage rates for BES, 3D-IVFA, DABVF, and the proposed algorithm are 83.28%, 88.85%, 89.31%, and 91.36%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is further verified from the aspects of different node numbers, coverage efficiency, node movement trajectory, coverage hole, and average residual energy of nodes, which provides conditions for resource development and scientific research in marine environments.