Cues that chimpanzees do and do not use to find hidden objects
Cues that chimpanzees do and do not use to find hidden objects
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DOI：
10.1007/s100710050047
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发表时间：
2000-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Tomasello, Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Call, Josep;Agnetta, Bryan;Tomasello, Michael
在某些情况下，黑猩猩可靠地遵循同种和人类的注视方向，但很少有黑猩猩可靠地使用注视方向或其他交流信号来定位隐藏的食物。三项研究旨在探索影响黑猩猩在这项任务中的表现的因素。在第一项研究中，发声和其他噪音促进了一些黑猩猩（只有少数）的表现。在第二项研究中，研究人员给出了各种行为线索，其中一名人类实验者触摸，接近或实际举起并查看隐藏食物的容器。每一种暗示都只会让极少数人的表现得到提高。在第三项研究中，黑猩猩面对两名实验者，他们给出了关于隐藏食物位置的相互矛盾的线索，其中一人（知道者）目睹了隐藏过程，而另一人（猜测者）没有。在第三个实验者进行的关键性测试中，没有一只黑猩猩发现食物的概率高于偶然水平。总的来说，在所有三项研究中，迄今为止表现最好的是两个在婴儿期由人类抚养的个体。由此看来，尽管黑猩猩非常擅长各种“行为阅读”，包括注视跟踪，但它们并不理解交流意图（信息意图）在其他人的注视和手势背后--可能除了被文化熏陶的黑猩猩，他们仍然不理解那些对世界上的事态有不同了解的人所做的观察和手势的不同意义。世界
Chimpanzees follow conspecific and human gaze direction reliably in some situations, but very few chimpanzees reliably use gaze direction or other communicative signals to locate hidden food in the object-choice task. Three studies aimed at exploring factors that affect chimpanzee performance in this task are reported. In the first study, vocalizations and other noises facilitated the performance of some chimpanzees (only a minority). In the second study, various behavioral cues were given in which a human experimenter either touched, approached, or actually lifted and looked under the container where the food was hidden. Each of these cues led to enhanced performance for only a very few individuals. In the third study - a replication with some methodological improvements of a previous experiment - chimpanzees were confronted with two experimenters giving conflicting cues about the location of the hidden food, with one of them (the knower) having witnessed the hiding process and the other (the guesser) not. In the crucial test in which a third experimenter did the hiding, no chimpanzee found the food at above chance levels. Overall, in all three studies, by far the best performers were two individuals who had been raised in infancy by humans. It thus seems that while chimpanzees are very good at "behavior reading" of various sorts, including gaze following, they do not understand the communicative intentions (informative intentions) behind the looking and gesturing of others - with the possible exception of enculturated chimpanzees, who still do not understand the differential significance of looking and gesturing done by people who have different knowledge about states of affairs in the world.