Adaptive maternal and paternal effects: gamete plasticity in response to parental stress
Adaptive maternal and paternal effects: gamete plasticity in response to parental stress
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2435.12195
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发表时间：
2014-06-01
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Marshall, Dustin J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jensen, Natasha;Allen, Richard M.;Marshall, Dustin J.
跨代表型可塑性越来越被认为是环境变化的重要缓冲——许多研究表明，母亲改变后代的表型，以最大限度地提高他们在当地环境中的表现。很少有研究考察父母改变配子表型以应对环境变化的能力。在外部脱落配子的生物体中，配子极易受到局部压力的影响，配子表型的跨代可塑性在这一群体中似乎很可能存在。以一种海洋管虫（Hydroides diramphus）为研究对象，对其母本和父本在繁殖前所经历的盐度环境进行了控制，并对其配子的表型、配子的表现以及在不同盐度下所产生的幼虫进行了研究。我们发现了配子可塑性的有力证据-母亲和父亲都自适应地调整配子的表型，以最大限度地提高配子在父母所经历的盐度环境中的表现。亲本在他们产生的配子的表型上是相当灵活的：他们可以根据最近的经验来回切换配子的耐盐性。然而，配子的可塑性并非没有风险。我们观察到，当配子所处的环境与其亲代环境不匹配时，配子的表现会发生很大的权衡。亲代环境的这些影响在幼虫期持续存在，因此幼虫可能无法分散到与亲代环境不匹配的环境中。因此，配子可塑性可能是表型-环境不匹配的一个重要来源。配子可塑性可能是外来受精物种应对环境变化的重要机制，也是雌雄效应的重要来源。试图预测跨代持续的压力（例如海洋酸化）的影响的研究应包括父母对感兴趣的压力的暴露。
Transgenerational phenotypic plasticity is increasingly recognized as an important buffer of environmental change - many studies show that mothers alter the phenotype of their offspring so as to maximize their performance in their local environment. Fewer studies have examined the capacity of parents to alter the phenotype of their gametes to cope with environmental change. In organisms that shed their gametes externally, gametes are extremely vulnerable to local stresses and transgenerational plasticity in the phenotypes of gametes seems likely in this group.In a marine tubeworm, Hydroides diramphus, we manipulated the salinity environment that mothers and fathers experienced before reproduction and then examined the phenotype of their gametes, as well as the performance of those gametes and the resultant larvae in different salinities.We found strong evidence for gamete plasticity - both mothers and fathers adaptively adjust the phenotype of their gametes to maximize the performance of those gametes in the salinity regime experienced by their parents. Parents were quite flexible in the phenotype of gametes that they produced: they could switch the salinity tolerance of their gametes back and forth depending on their most recent experience.Gamete plasticity was not without risks, however. We observed strong trade-offs in performance when gametes experienced an environment that did not match that of their parents. These effects of the parental environment persist for the duration of the larval phase such that larvae may not be able to disperse to environments that do not match their parents. Gamete plasticity may therefore represent an important source of phenotype-environment mismatches.Gamete plasticity may represent an important mechanism for coping with environmental change and an important source of maternal and paternal effects in species with external fertilization. Studies that seek to predict the impacts of stresses that persist across generations (e.g. ocean acidification) should include parental exposures to the stress of interest.