Community conservation: practitioners’ answer to critics
Community conservation: practitioners’ answer to critics
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社区保护：从业者对批评者的回应
作者：
R. Horwich;J. Lyon
基于伦理、理论和实践的考虑，在过去的20年里，社区保护项目作为传统保护区的替代方案得到了发展。生物学家和社会科学家最近对此类计划的批评涉及到谁应该管理我们的自然资源的辩论。这些批评集中在大型综合保护和发展项目（icdp）上，而在很大程度上忽视了小型社区保护项目的成功。ICDP的从业者也对他们项目的结果感到失望，并正在从ICDP的失败中寻求答案。两个重要的差异将社区保护项目和icdp区分开来，并导致了较小项目的成功：(1)社区保护项目将当地农村居民视为栖息地退化的解决方案，而icdp将他们视为问题；(2)较小项目的规模在社区一级，但可以使用相同的区域方法，而icdp的规模和成本都很大。我们从实践者的角度讨论了社区保护项目成功的优势，包括在社区层面的实际运作，建立一个授权的社区团体来进行项目的社会可持续性，持续的基层资助，以及监测的重要性。
Abstract Based on ethical, theoretical and practical concerns, community-based conservation projects have developed over the past 2 decades as alternatives to traditional protected areas. Recent criticisms of such programmes by biologists and social scientists involve a debate on who should manage our natural resources. Such criticisms have focused on large integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) and have largely ignored the successes of small community conservation projects. Practitioners of ICDPs have also been disappointed with the results of their projects and are seeking answers from ICDP failures. Two important differences separate community conservation projects and ICDPs and have led to the success of the smaller projects: (1) community conservation projects see local rural people as the solution to habitat degradation whereas ICDPs see them as the problem, (2) the scale of the smaller projects is at the community level but can use the same methods regionally, whereas ICDPs are large in scale and cost. We discuss, from a practitioner’s viewpoint, the strengths that contribute to the successes of community conservation projects, including actually functioning at the community level, creating an empowered community group to carry on the social sustainability of the project, continuous basic level funding, and the importance of monitoring.