Mass reconstruction methods for PM(2.5): a review.
Mass reconstruction methods for PM(2.5): a review.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11869-015-0338-3
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Watson, John G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chow, Judith C.;Lowenthal, Douglas H.;Chen, L-W Antony;Wang, Xiaoliang;Watson, John G.
悬浮颗粒物（PM）的主要成分是无机离子、有机物（OM）、元素碳（EC）、地质矿物、盐、非矿物元素和水。由于氧 (O) 和氢 (H) 在化学形态网络中无法直接测量，因此应用了十多个加权方程来解释它们的存在，从而近似重力质量。这些权重的假设在所有情况下都不相同。在大多数研究中，OM 是根据有机碳 (OC) 乘数 (f) 估算的，其范围为 1.4 至 1.8，但对于来自生物质燃烧和二次有机气溶胶的高极性化合物，f 可能更大。扬尘的矿物质含量是根据元素标记估算的，而水溶性含量则以无机离子或盐的形式计算。测量和重建的 PM 质量之间的部分差异是由于测量过程造成的，包括：（1）石英纤维过滤器上吸附的有机蒸气； (2)在称重的聚四氟乙烯膜过滤器和测量离子和碳的尼龙膜和/或石英纤维过滤器之间挥发性硝酸铵和OM的蒸发； (3) 过滤称重过程中保留在可溶性成分上的液态水。广泛使用的 IMPROVE 方程是为了描述美国国家公园的粒子光消光特征而开发的，并且这种方法的变体已经在各种环境中进行了测试。提高测量和重建 PM 质量之间一致性的重要因素是将 OC 转换为 OM 并考虑 OC 采样伪影的 f 乘数。本文的在线版本 (doi:10.1007/s11869-015-0338-3) 包含补充材料，可供授权用户使用。
Major components of suspended particulate matter (PM) are inorganic ions, organic matter (OM), elemental carbon (EC), geological minerals, salt, non-mineral elements, and water. Since oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) are not directly measured in chemical speciation networks, more than ten weighting equations have been applied to account for their presence, thereby approximating gravimetric mass. Assumptions for these weights are not the same under all circumstances. OM is estimated from an organic carbon (OC) multiplier (f) that ranges from 1.4 to 1.8 in most studies, but f can be larger for highly polar compounds from biomass burning and secondary organic aerosols. The mineral content of fugitive dust is estimated from elemental markers, while the water-soluble content is accounted for as inorganic ions or salt. Part of the discrepancy between measured and reconstructed PM mass is due to the measurement process, including: (1) organic vapors adsorbed on quartz-fiber filters; (2) evaporation of volatile ammonium nitrate and OM between the weighed Teflon-membrane filter and the nylon-membrane and/or quartz-fiber filters on which ions and carbon are measured; and (3) liquid water retained on soluble constituents during filter weighing. The widely used IMPROVE equations were developed to characterize particle light extinction in U.S. national parks, and variants of this approach have been tested in a large variety of environments. Important factors for improving agreement between measured and reconstructed PM mass are the f multiplier for converting OC to OM and accounting for OC sampling artifacts. The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11869-015-0338-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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