Wake Up, Neurons! Astrocytes Calling.
Wake Up, Neurons! Astrocytes Calling.
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醒醒吧，神经元！
DOI：
10.1097/aln.0000000000002589
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
8.8
通讯作者：
Pearce,RobertA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Perouansky,Misha;MacIver,MBruce;Pearce,RobertA
大约 20 年前，“三方突触”的概念被引入。它表明神经胶质细胞可能需要从结构支持性的“神经元腻子”提升为与神经元的平等伙伴关系。从那时起，神经胶质细胞不断将其影响范围扩展到大脑病理学和生理学的各个方面。除了形成神经元-胶质-血管单元的组成部分、控制局部血流并向神经元提供能量底物和抗氧化剂之外，神经胶质细胞还组织和协调大脑免受入侵者的防御。神经胶质细胞现在也成为麻醉机制中令人惊讶的角色。据 Ramadasan-Nair 等人报道。在本期中，1 引入了一种干扰神经胶质细胞能量产生的突变，导致麻醉苏醒延迟。这种表型与当将完全相同的突变引入谷氨酸能神经元时对麻醉诱导的敏感性增强相补充。因此，这一发现为我们对挥发性麻醉剂抑制中枢神经系统功能的机制的理解增加了一个有趣的层面。神经胶质细胞首次被认为是中枢神经系统中的一个独立的细胞群，大约与第一次成功的公开麻醉演示同时进行。与流行观点相反，“glia”并非源于希腊语中的“胶水”(κ)，而是如德语“Kitt”所示，在希腊语中表示油灰或口香糖（本身源自原始印欧语 glei-clay）。神经胶质细胞一词由伟大的德国病理学家鲁道夫·维尔肖 (Rudolf Virchow) 于 1858 年左右正式创造。在随后的几十年中，领先的解剖学家描述了神经组织内的各种非神经元细胞，因此到 20 年代，三种主要类型被识别：星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞（产生髓磷脂）和小胶质细胞（造血来源）。我们现在知道这种分类过于简单化，因为新类型（例如 NG-2 神经胶质细胞）和新亚型（例如形态和功能不同的星形胶质细胞）仍在被发现。虽然越来越多的功能被归因于神经胶质细胞，但对其相对于神经元的数量的估计却有所下降。目前的共识是
Roughly 20 years ago the concept of the ‘tripartite synapse’was introduced. It indicated that neuroglia might need to be promoted from a structurally supportive ‘neuronal putty’to an equal partnership with neurons. Since then, glial cells have constantly expanded their reach into every aspect of brain pathology and physiology. In addition to forming an integral part of the neuronal-glial-vascular unit, controlling local blood flow and supplying neurons with energy substrates and antioxidants, glia organize and coordinate the defense of the brain from intruders. Glia also now emerge as surprising actors in anesthetic mechanisms. As reported by Ramadasan-Nair et al. in this issue, 1 introducing a mutation that interferes with energy production in glia leads to delayed emergence from anesthesia. This phenotype is complementary to the heightened sensitivity to induction of anesthesia that occurs when the very same mutation is introduced into the glutamatergic neurons. This finding thus adds an intriguing layer to our understanding of the mechanisms by which volatile anesthetics suppress CNS function.Neuroglial cells were first recognized as a separate population of cells in the CNS at about the same time as the first successful public demonstration of anesthesia. Contrary to popular opinion ‘glia’is not rooted in the Greek term for glue (κ) but as, the German ‘Kitt’indicates, in the Greek word for putty or gum (itself derived from the Protoindoeuropean glei–clay). The term neuroglia was formally coined by the great German pathologist Rudolf Virchow around 1858. In the subsequent decades, leading anatomists described a variety of nonneuronal cells within nervous tissue, so that by the 1920s three principal types were recognized: astroglia, oligodendrocytes (myelin producing) and microglia (of hematopoietic origin). We now know that this classification was overly simplistic, as new types (eg the NG-2 glia) and new subtypes (eg morphologically and functionally distinct astrocytes) are still being discovered. While more and more functions have been attributed to glial cells, estimates of their numbers relative to neurons have decreased; the current consensus is that