Patterns of introduction of non-indigenous non-marine snails and slugs in the Hawaiian Islands
Patterns of introduction of non-indigenous non-marine snails and slugs in the Hawaiian Islands
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1008881712635
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发表时间：
1998-03-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Cowie, RH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cowie, RH
夏威夷群岛的本土蜗牛正在消失。一个原因是被引进的食肉蜗牛捕食。栖息地的破坏/改造也很重要，这有助于其他非本地蜗牛和蛞蝓的传播。据记录，已经引进了81种蜗牛和蛞蝓。33个已建立：12个淡水，21个陆生。在西方发现这些岛屿（1778年）之前，有两三个物种已经到达。在19世纪，平均每十年就有一个物种被引进。在20世纪，这一比率上升到大约每十年4个，除了在20世纪50年代作为假定的生物防治剂引入的特别大量的非洲巨型蜗牛，Achatina fulica。这些引进的地理来源反映了商业和旅行模式的变化。早期到达的通常是太平洋或环太平洋的物种。随着美国吞并夏威夷，与美国的贸易和旅游业的增加，导致美洲物种的比例增加。20世纪后期，由于旅游和商业的便利，大量的欧洲物种被引进。非洲物种在20世纪50年代的生物防治引进中占主导地位。这一过程仍在继续，只是热带太平洋岛屿独特动物群同质化的一部分。
The native snails of the Hawaiian Islands are disappearing. One cause is predation by introduced carnivorous snails. Habitat destruction/modification is also important, facilitating the spread of other non-indigenous snails and slugs. Eighty-one species of snails and slugs are recorded as having been introduced. Thirty-three are established: 12 freshwater, 21 terrestrial. Two or three species arrived before western discovery of the islands (1778). During the nineteenth century about one species per decade, on average, was introduced. The rate rose to about four per decade during the twentieth century, with the exception of an especially large number introduced in the 1950s as putative biocontrol agents against the giant African snail, Achatina fulica. The geographical origins of these introductions reflect changing patterns of commerce and travel. Early arrivals were generally Pacific or Pacific rim species. Increasing trade and tourism with the USA, following its annexation of Hawaii, led to an increasing proportion of American species. More general facilitation of travel and commerce later in the twentieth century led to a significant number of European species being introduced. African species dominated the 1950s biological control introductions. The process continues and is just part of the homogenization of the unique faunas of tropical Pacific islands.