‘Us’ and ‘them’:inclusion and exclusion – discrimination via discourse
‘Us’ and ‘them’:inclusion and exclusion – discrimination via discourse
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“我们”与“他们”：包容与排斥——话语歧视
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发表时间：
2011
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通讯作者：
R. Wodak
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作者：
R. Wodak
种族歧视包括所有对种族或民族占主导地位的群体有意或无意产生负面或不利后果的行为——言语、非言语和言语外行为。重要的是要看到，故意并不是种族主义的必要组成部分。sed 1991: 45 Philomena sed（1991）在这句话中抓住了当代歧视的许多方面：歧视行为可能表现在语言的各个层面；排斥与权力有关；边缘群体容易受到歧视；歧视行为可能是有意的，也可能是无意的。歧视可能是合法的，可能是结构性的，也可能是偶然发生的。在她的开创性著作《日常种族主义》（Everyday Racism）中，塞德斯将重点放在了荷兰和加州（1991）的“日常种族主义”上，尽管她的定义在其一般和广义上涵盖了许多种族主义和歧视现象，以及“包容”和“排斥”的许多维度。在详细阐述包容和排斥的概念- -以及它们在欧盟和其他地方的歧视性做法的应用- -之前，有必要提出一个警告：观察差异/歧视话语的一种方法是检查当今欧洲社会中少数民族或移民实际经历种族歧视的方式。然而，这种分析不能导致我们对种族不平等的因果解释，尽管它将从边缘化和弱势群体的角度提供有关种族歧视的许多方面的相关知识-也就是说，一个“内幕”的角度（见Krzyzanowski和Wodak 2007）。
Introducing Discursive Dimensions of ‘Inclusion and Exclusion’ Racial discrimination includes all acts – verbal, nonverbal, and paraverbal – with intended or unintended negative or unfavourable consequences for racially or ethnically dominated groups. It is important to see that intentionality is not a necessary component of racism. Essed 1991: 45 Philomena Essed (1991) has captured many aspects of contemporary discrimination in this quotation: discriminatory acts may manifest themselves on all levels of language; exclusion is linked to power; marginalized groups tend to be discriminated against; and discriminatory acts may be intended or non-intended. Discrimination may be legally legitimized, it may be structural or it may occur in passing. In her seminal book Everyday Racism , Essed focuses on ‘everyday racism’ in the Netherlands and in California (1991), although her definition in its general and broad meaning covers many racist and discriminatory phenomena, many dimensions of ‘inclusion’ and ‘exclusion’. Before elaborating on the concepts of inclusion and exclusion – and on their application to discriminatory practices in the European Union and elsewhere – it is necessary to state a caveat: one way of looking at discourses of difference/discrimination is to examine the ways in which minorities or migrants actually experience racial discrimination in European societies today. However, such analysis cannot lead us to a causal explanation of racial inequality, although it will provide relevant knowledge about the many facets of racial discrimination from the perspective of the marginalized and vulnerable – that is to say, an ‘ insider ’ perspective (see Krzyzanowski and Wodak 2007).