The Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods for the Evaluation of Soil Profiles (8 pp)
The Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods for the Evaluation of Soil Profiles (8 pp)
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DOI：
10.1065/jss2006.11.193
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发表时间：
2007-02
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Kerstin Sielaff;J. Einax
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kerstin Sielaff;J. Einax
背景、目标和范围土壤污染不仅发生在大面积的表面，而且还发生在深层。因此，污染后土壤状态的表征需要三维土壤采样，需要对大量样品进行分析。分析结果可以通过多元统计方法进行评估，这些方法已用于评估包含二维土壤采样结果（如区域或单一剖面）的数据集。在本案例研究中，应用多元统计方法来研究包含三维土壤采样结果的数据集中特征之间的结构和相互作用。调查的土壤剖面受到前水泥和磷肥厂排放物的污染。本研究的目的是确定剩余污染程度，并分析污染物是否在剖面内移动和垂直输送。材料和方法：在工厂周围采集了三个土壤剖面样本。测定颗粒尺寸、有机和碳键合碳、pH 值以及 Ca、Cd、Co、Cu、F、Fe、K、Mn、Mg、Na、Ni、P、Pb 和 Zn 的总含量。通过聚类分析、线性判别分析和主成分分析来评估所得数据集。应用根据 Zeien 和 Brümmer 的顺序提取程序来分析所选样品中 Ca、Cd、Cu、Na、Pb 和 Zn 的结合特性。结果：Cd 被确定为表土污染物。经测定，底部土壤的 pH 值处于碱性范围内，该值异常高。根据表层土壤中变量的富集程度对变量进行聚类。通过聚类分析对样品的污染状态和底物进行分类，并通过线性判别分析进行确认。通过使用主成分分析来检测变量的地理和人为来源以及变量之间的关系，例如重金属与有机物的结合。连续提取的结果证实了重金属与表层土壤有机质的结合。确定了 Na 结合的垂直改变的分布。 讨论：根据目前的土壤状况，重金属在沉积过程中很可能是由植物的地上部分吸收的。 Na 的分布很可能是由 Na 的垂直迁移引起的，这也可以解释离子交换导致的底部土壤的高 pH 值。总而言之，沉积的钙、氟、钠、磷和重金属的主要量可能几乎不溶性地结合在表层土壤中。 结论：停产十年后，原厂区表层土壤污染程度仍然较高。然而，就生态毒理学相关性而言，目前探索的几种土壤特征和元素之间的相互作用强烈表明，除了钠之外，不存在沉积元素动员的短期到中期风险。 建议和观点：本案例研究的结果证明，多元统计方法是探索三维土壤采样数据集中变量和关系相互作用的强大工具。强烈建议使用本工作中应用的方法来评估二维或三维采样产生的大型数据集。多元统计方法能够以简单且经济的方式表征土壤及其污染状态。
Background, Aim and ScopeContamination of soils does not only occur on their surface over large areas, but also in depth. Therefore a characterization of soil state after pollution demands a three-dimensional soil sampling, by what a large number of samples has to be analyzed. Analytical results could be evaluated by multivariate statistical methods, which have already been used for the evaluation of data sets containing results from soil sampling of two dimensions like areas or single profiles. In this case study, multivariate statistical methods were applied to investigate structure and interactions between features in a data set containing results of three-dimensional soil sampling. The investigated soil profiles were contaminated by emissions of a former cement and phosphate fertilizer plant. The aim of this study was to determine the remaining extent of contamination and to analyze whether pollutants are mobilized and vertically transported within the profiles. Materials and Methods: Three soil profiles were sampled in the surroundings of the plant. Grain size, organic and carbonatic bonded carbon, pH value, and the total contents of Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, F, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, Na, Ni, P, Pb, and Zn were determined. The resulting data set was evaluated by cluster analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and principal components analysis. The sequential extraction procedure according to Zeien and Brümmer was applied to analyze the binding properties of Ca, Cd, Cu, Na, Pb, and Zn from selected samples. Results: Cd was identified as contaminant of the top soils. The pH values of the bottom soils were determined to be in alkaline range, which is unnaturally high. Variables were clustered according to enrichment of variables in top soils. The samples were classified regarding their pollution state and their substrate by cluster analysis, which was confirmed by linear discriminant analysis. Geogenic and anthropogenic sources of variables as well as relationships between variables like the binding of heavy metals at organic matter were detected by using principal components analysis. The binding of heavy metals at organic matter in the top soils was confirmed by the results of the applied sequential extraction. A vertically altered distribution of Na binding was determined. Discussion: According to the current soil conditions, the uptake of heavy metals had probably occurred by the over ground part of plants during the deposition. The distribution of Na should likely result from the vertical transport of Na, which would also explain the high pH values of the bottom soils by ion exchange. Altogether, the main amount of deposited Ca, F, Na, P, and heavy metals is likely nearly insoluble bound in the top soils. Conclusions: Ten years after the end of production, the pollution of top soils in the surroundings of the former plant is still high. However, regarding the ecotoxicological relevance the now explored interactions between several soil features and elements strongly indicate that there is no short-term to medium-term risk of a mobilization of the deposited elements with the exception of Na. Recommendations and Perspectives: The results of this case study prove that multivariate statistical methods are powerful tools to explore interactions of variables and relationships in a data set derived from three dimensional soil sampling. The methods applied in this work can be highly recommended for evaluations of large data sets resulting from two- or three-dimensional samplings. Multivariate statistical methods enable the characterization of soils and their pollution state in a simple and economic way.