Women scientists in America : before affirmative action, 1940-1972
Women scientists in America : before affirmative action, 1940-1972
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美国女科学家：平权行动之前，1940-1972
DOI：
10.2307/2171691
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Rossiter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Schiebinger;M. Rossiter
战争造成的严重人力短缺似乎给女性专业人员带来了新的希望，特别是在科学领域。在1942年美国战争信息办公室制作的第一部宣传片中，凯瑟琳赫普本讲述了埃莉诺·罗斯福写的一个剧本，敦促妇女申请政府工业科学项目的工作。但是，欢迎女性进入科学行业的公开姿态掩盖了对变革的根深蒂固的反对。妇女从事的大多数“科学”工作都是入门级的，而晋升到更高职位则是为男子保留的。这篇文章展示了女科学家如何做出了重大贡献，从工程和营养学（玛格丽特·米德和雷切尔·卡森在他们的专业领域之外工作得很好）到冶金和曼哈顿项目。但它也讲述了战后时期，当时女科学家被告知要“愉快地”接受降级，美国大学开始齐心协力“把老女孩赶出去”，用全是男性的--因此薪水更高，声望更高--教师来取代她们。作者的结论是，1940年至1972年期间，美国妇女被鼓励追求科学教育，以参与科学所承诺的巨大职业机会。然而，大学、政府和工业界的父权制结构和价值观使妇女面临种种障碍，继续使她们感到沮丧和处于从属地位。尽管如此，女科学家们还是为她们的领域做出了真正的贡献，提高了专业地位，并为1972年以后美国妇女地位的真实的突破奠定了基础。
The acute manpower shortages brought on by the war seemed to hold out new hope for women professionals, especially in the sciences. In one of the first propaganda films produced by the United States Office of War Information in 1942, Katharine Hepburn narrated a script written by Eleanor Roosevelt, urging women to apply for jobs in government industrial science projects. But the public posture of welcoming women into the scientific professions masked a deep-seated opposition to change. Most "scientific" jobs for women were entry-level, and promotions to higher positions reserved for men. This text shows how women scientists nonetheless made significant contributions effort, ranging from engineering and nutrition (where both Margaret Mead and Rachel Carson worked well outside their areas of expertise) to metallurgy and the Manhattan Project. But it tells also of the post-war period, when women scientists were told to accept demotion "cheerfully" and American colleges began concerted efforts to "get the old girls out" and replace them with all-male - and therefore higher-paid and more prestigious - faculty. The author concludes that the period from 1940 to 1972 was a time when American women were encouraged to pursue an education in science in order to participate in the great professional opportunities that science promised. Yet the patriarchal structure and values of universities, government, and industry confronted women with obstacles that continued to frustrate and subordinate them. Nevertheless, women scientists made genuine contributions to their fields, grew in professional stature, and laid the foundation for the period after 1972 which saw real breakthroughs on the status of women in America.