Nano-Strategies to Fight Multidrug Resistant Bacteria-"A Battle of the Titans".
Nano-Strategies to Fight Multidrug Resistant Bacteria-"A Battle of the Titans".
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DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2018.01441
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Fernandes AR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baptista PV;McCusker MP;Carvalho A;Ferreira DA;Mohan NM;Martins M;Fernandes AR
传染病仍然是全世界发病率和死亡率的主要原因之一。世卫组织和疾病预防控制中心对细菌多重耐药性的持续增加表示严重关切。因此，抗生素耐药性危机是全球公共卫生领域最紧迫的问题之一。与抗生素耐药性上升相关的是缺乏新的抗菌剂。这引发了世界范围内开发新型和更有效的抗菌化合物以及开发新型递送和靶向策略的倡议。细菌已经发展了许多方式，通过这些方式它们变得对抗菌剂具有抗性。其中包括酶失活、细胞渗透性降低、靶保护、靶过量产生、改变的靶位点/酶、由于外排泵的过度表达而增加的外排等。其他更复杂的表型，如生物膜形成和群体感应并不出现作为细菌暴露于抗生素的结果，尽管已知生物膜形成可由抗生素诱导。这些表型与细菌对抗生素的耐受性有关。正在开发不同的策略，例如使用纳米结构材料，以克服这些和其他类型的阻力。纳米结构材料可用于输送抗菌剂，以帮助递送新型药物或最终自身具有抗菌活性。此外，纳米颗粒（例如，金属的、有机的、碳纳米管等）可以规避细菌中的耐药性机制，并且与它们的抗微生物潜力相关，抑制生物膜形成或其他重要过程。其他策略，包括结合使用植物基抗菌剂和纳米颗粒来克服毒性问题，也正在研究中。耦合纳米颗粒和天然抗菌剂（或其他重新利用的化合物），以抑制细菌外排泵的活性;生物膜的形成;干扰群体感应;以及可能的质粒治愈，只是对抗多药耐药细菌的一些策略。然而，纳米粒子的使用仍然对治疗提出了挑战，需要更多的研究来克服这一点。在这篇综述中，我们将总结目前对纳米颗粒和其他纳米材料的研究，以及这些纳米材料在未来如何应用于对抗多重耐药细菌。
Infectious diseases remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The WHO and CDC have expressed serious concern regarding the continued increase in the development of multidrug resistance among bacteria. Therefore, the antibiotic resistance crisis is one of the most pressing issues in global public health. Associated with the rise in antibiotic resistance is the lack of new antimicrobials. This has triggered initiatives worldwide to develop novel and more effective antimicrobial compounds as well as to develop novel delivery and targeting strategies. Bacteria have developed many ways by which they become resistant to antimicrobials. Among those are enzyme inactivation, decreased cell permeability, target protection, target overproduction, altered target site/enzyme, increased efflux due to over-expression of efflux pumps, among others. Other more complex phenotypes, such as biofilm formation and quorum sensing do not appear as a result of the exposure of bacteria to antibiotics although, it is known that biofilm formation can be induced by antibiotics. These phenotypes are related to tolerance to antibiotics in bacteria. Different strategies, such as the use of nanostructured materials, are being developed to overcome these and other types of resistance. Nanostructured materials can be used to convey antimicrobials, to assist in the delivery of novel drugs or ultimately, possess antimicrobial activity by themselves. Additionally, nanoparticles (e.g., metallic, organic, carbon nanotubes, etc.) may circumvent drug resistance mechanisms in bacteria and, associated with their antimicrobial potential, inhibit biofilm formation or other important processes. Other strategies, including the combined use of plant-based antimicrobials and nanoparticles to overcome toxicity issues, are also being investigated. Coupling nanoparticles and natural-based antimicrobials (or other repurposed compounds) to inhibit the activity of bacterial efflux pumps; formation of biofilms; interference of quorum sensing; and possibly plasmid curing, are just some of the strategies to combat multidrug resistant bacteria. However, the use of nanoparticles still presents a challenge to therapy and much more research is needed in order to overcome this. In this review, we will summarize the current research on nanoparticles and other nanomaterials and how these are or can be applied in the future to fight multidrug resistant bacteria.