Globalization and human cooperation
Globalization and human cooperation
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0809522106
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发表时间：
2009-03-17
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Foddy, Margaret
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Buchan, Nancy R.;Grimalda, Gianluca;Foddy, Margaret
全球化加剧了影响所有人并需要大规模人类合作的问题，例如自然资源的过度开采和人为导致的全球变暖。然而，全球化对于解决此类全球社会困境所需的合作意味着什么？提出了两个相互竞争的假设。一种假设是，全球化引发了反动运动，加剧了人们之间的狭隘差异。大规模合作的重点是支持自己的民族、种族或语言群体。另一种假设认为，全球化削弱了种族、地方或民族作为身份认同来源的相关性，从而强化了世界主义态度。从本质上讲，全球化，即世界各地人们日益增强的相互联系，拓宽了个人认为自己所属的群体界限。我们通过在国家和个人层面衡量全球化，并在多层次顺序合作实验中分析全球化与个人与远端其他人的合作之间的关系来检验这些假设，在这些实验中，参与者可以为个人、本地和/或全球账户做出贡献。我们的样本取自美国、意大利、俄罗斯、阿根廷、南非和伊朗的一般人群。我们发现，随着国家和个人全球化水平的提高，全球层面相对于地方层面的个人合作也在增强。从本质上讲，“全球化”的个人比其他人划定了更广泛的群体界限，避开狭隘的动机，转而支持世界主义的动机。因此，全球化可能是塑造当代大规模合作的基础，也可能是提供全球公共产品的积极力量。
Globalization magnifies the problems that affect all people and that require large-scale human cooperation, for example, the overharvesting of natural resources and human-induced global warming. However, what does globalization imply for the cooperation needed to address such global social dilemmas? Two competing hypotheses are offered. One hypothesis is that globalization prompts reactionary movements that reinforce parochial distinctions among people. Large-scale cooperation then focuses on favoring one's own ethnic, racial, or language group. The alternative hypothesis suggests that globalization strengthens cosmopolitan attitudes by weakening the relevance of ethnicity, locality, or nationhood as sources of identification. In essence, globalization, the increasing interconnectedness of people worldwide, broadens the group boundaries within which individuals perceive they belong. We test these hypotheses by measuring globalization at both the country and individual levels and analyzing the relationship between globalization and individual cooperation with distal others in multilevel sequential cooperation experiments in which players can contribute to individual, local, and/or global accounts. Our samples were drawn from the general populations of the United States, Italy, Russia, Argentina, South Africa, and Iran. We find that as country and individual levels of globalization increase, so too does individual cooperation at the global level vis-a-vis the local level. In essence, "globalized'' individuals draw broader group boundaries than others, eschewing parochial motivations in favor of cosmopolitan ones. Globalization may thus be fundamental in shaping contemporary large-scale cooperation and may be a positive force toward the provision of global public goods.