Chemical analyses of waters from Crater Lake, Oregon and nearby springs
Chemical analyses of waters from Crater Lake, Oregon and nearby springs
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对俄勒冈州火山口湖和附近泉水的水进行化学分析
DOI：
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发表时间：
1987
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Nathenson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Thompson;L. D. White;M. Nathenson
俄勒冈州的火山口湖没有表面出口，通过蒸发和泄漏失去了流入。为了了解该湖的水文情况以及该湖与附近冷泉的渗漏情况，采集了水样进行化学和同位素分析。没有一个泉水的分析有超过百分之十的火山口湖水的证据。其中一个叫火山口泉的泉水，其氯化物浓度比通常的高，同位素也比一般的大气降水略重。如果这些是由火山口湖水造成的，那么计算出的火山口湖水的比例接近7%。化学和同位素分析表明火山口湖混合良好。火山口湖也有非常高的氯化物，硼，锂，硫酸盐，和二氧化硅浓度相比，附近的钻石湖和冷泉排放的两侧的哈札马。这种升高的氯化物可能是由热水的输入引起的。Cl/Li的重量比在美国西部温泉的范围内，明显低于周围冷泉沃茨的重量比。估计总热流的湖底范围从670至1380毫瓦/米，也表明热水的湖底。介绍火山口湖，俄勒冈州，位于6800岁的马扎马火山口（培根，1983年）。该湖85%的流入量来自直接降水，其余部分来自周围流域。这个湖占其流域面积的78%。该湖没有表面出口，但由于渗漏损失了72%的流入量，由于蒸发损失了28%的流入量（菲利普斯，1968年）。货车·登伯格（1968年）发现，湖中的氯化物和硫酸盐，或许还有硅和钠的含量高得令人不安，并认为这些成分可能来自湖中深处的温泉。根据未发表的分析，货车登伯格还认为，该湖的化学质量是相当均匀的面积和垂直。本文的目的是提出火山口湖和冷泉的化学和同位素数据，以了解有关湖泊动力学和湖水与附近冷泉的关系的问题。相关的问题是：1）与附近的冷泉相比，湖泊化学和同位素组成是否异常？2)如果是这样的话，有没有任何泉水显示出火山口湖水与浅层地下水混合的重要成分？3)火山口湖的水在化学和同位素上混合得有多好？火山口湖水中溶解的化学成分是否表明有热水输入？表1包含了Thompson和白色（1983）、Salinas和其他人（1984）以及白色和其他人（1985）中讨论过的全部化学和同位素数据。这些摘要仅载有对上述问题的初步答复。此外，发现了先前报告的一些数据中的不一致之处，并重新确定了这些值，并在表1中给出。还对氯化物分析方法进行了全面研究，以计算各种分析方法的准确度和精密度。
Crater Lake, Oregon, has no surface outlet and loses its inflow by evaporation and leakage. In order to understand the hydrology of the lake and the leakage of the lake in relation to nearby cold springs, water samples were collected for chemical and isotopic analyses. No spring analyzed had evidence of more than ten percent Crater Lake water. One spring, Crater Spring, has higher than usual chloride concentrations and slightly heavier isotopes than average meteoric water. If these are caused by Crater Lake water, then the calculated fraction of Crater Lake water is near seven percent. Chemical and isotopic analyses show that Crater Lake is well mixed. Crater Lake also has anomalously high chloride, boron, lithium, sulfate, and silica concentrations compared to nearby Diamond Lake and to cold springs discharging on the flanks of Mount Hazama. This elevated chloride may be caused by input of thermal water. Weight ratios of Cl/Li are within the range of western United States hot springs and significantly below those for surrounding cold spring waters. Estimates of total heat flow out of the lake bottom range from 670 to 1380 mW/m , also suggesting addition of thermal water to the lake bottom. Introduction Crater Lake, Oregon, is located in the 6800 year old caldera of Mount Mazama (Bacon, 1983). The lake receives 85 percent of its inflow by direct precipitation with the remainder coming as inflow from the surrounding drainage area. The lake covers 78 percent of its drainage area. The lake has no surface outlet, but loses 72 percent of its inflow by leakage and 28 percent by evaporation (Phillips, 1968). Van Denburgh (1968) recognized that chloride and sulfate and perhaps silica and sodium were anomalously high in the lake and suggested that these constituents may be contributed by thermal springs at depth in the lake. Based on unpublished analyses, Van Denburgh also suggested that the lake is quite uniform in chemical quality both areally and vertically. The purpose of this paper is to present chemical and isotopic data for Crater Lake and cold springs emanating on the flanks of Mount Mazama in order to understand questions concerning the lake dynamics and the relationship of the lake water to nearby cold springs. The pertinent questions are: 1) Are the lake chemistry and isotopic composition anomalous compared to nearby cold springs? 2) If so, are there any springs that show a significant component of Crater Lake water mixed with shallow ground water? 3) How well mixed chemically and isotopically is the water in Crater Lake? and 4) Do the dissolved chemical constitiuents in Crater Lake water indicate an input of thermal water? Table 1 contains the complete chemical and isotopic data previously discussed in Thompson and White (1983), Salinas and others (1984), and White and others (1985). These abstracts contained only preliminary answers to the questions posed above. Additionally, inconsistencies in some of the previously reported data have been identified, and the values have been redetermined and are given in Table 1. A complete study of the methods of chloride analysis was also made in order to calculate the accuracy and precision of various methods of analysis.