PREDATORS COME AND PREDATORS GO: THE REVERSIBILITY OF PREDATOR‐INDUCED TRAITS
PREDATORS COME AND PREDATORS GO: THE REVERSIBILITY OF PREDATOR‐INDUCED TRAITS
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掠食者来了，掠食者走了：掠食者诱发的特征的可逆性
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发表时间：
2003
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Relyea
中科院分区：
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作者：
R. Relyea
尽管人们对表型可塑性的生态学和进化进行了大量研究，但要真正了解可塑性，我们需要在几个个体发育阶段将生物体暴露于不同的环境。通过这种方式，我们可以检查生物体是否改变其个体发育的表型策略，是否存在限制可塑性状发展的发育窗口，以及如果环境恢复到原始状态，行为是否比形态更可逆。我通过研究捕食者诱导的灰树蛙蝌蚪（Hyla versicolor）的可塑性来解决这些问题。我使用水生中生态系统来饲养蝌蚪，在其幼虫期的三个不同时间，持续不存在捕食者，持续存在捕食者，并添加或去除捕食者。蝌蚪改变了个体发育的表型策略；在个体发育早期，它们通过隐藏、减少活动以及发育出相对较深的尾鳍来应对捕食者。在个体发育后期，蝌蚪不再采用行为防御，而是依靠更大的质量、更深的尾巴和更短的身体的组合。表型变化在个体发育的大部分过程中都是可诱导的，这表明发育窗口很少。活动、尾部深度和身体深度在个体发育早期是高度可逆的，但在个体发育后期则不太可逆；因为隐藏仅在个体发育早期使用，所以我无法评估其可逆性。这种可逆性不仅会影响诱导物种，而且可能会将影响传递到整个更大的生态群落。
While numerous studies have been conducted on the ecology and evolution of phenotypic plasticity, to really understand plasticity we need to expose organisms to different environments over several ontogenetic stages. In this way, we can examine whether organisms change their phenotypic strategy over ontogeny, whether there are developmental windows that constrain the development of plastic traits, and whether behavior is more reversible than morphology if the environment reverts back to its original state. I addressed these questions by examining predator-induced plasticity in gray treefrog tadpoles (Hyla versicolor). Using aquatic mesocosms, I reared tadpoles with a constant absence of predators, a constant presence of predators, and the addition or removal of predators at three different times during their larval period. Tadpoles changed their phenotypic strategy over ontogeny; early in ontogeny they responded to predators by hiding, reducing their activity, and developing relatively deep tail fins. Later in ontogeny the tadpoles no longer employed behavioral defenses but relied on a combination of greater mass, deeper tails, and shorter bodies. The phenotypic changes were inducible throughout most of ontogeny, suggesting that there were few developmental windows. Activity, tail depth, and body depth were highly reversible early in ontogeny but less reversible later in ontogeny; because hiding was only used early in ontogeny, I could not assess its reversibility. This reversibility should affect not only the induced species, but will likely transmit the effects throughout the larger ecological community.