Rethinking loose coupling of rules and entrepreneurial practices among university scientists: a Japan–Israel comparison
Rethinking loose coupling of rules and entrepreneurial practices among university scientists: a Japan–Israel comparison
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重新思考大学科学家中规则与创业实践的松散耦合：日本与以色列的比较
DOI：
10.1007/s10961-017-9596-6
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Nahoko Kameo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Adi Sapir;Nahoko Kameo
本文探讨了以色列和日本这两个科技实力雄厚的国家从20世纪50年代至今技术转让结构和活动的发展和制度化的轨迹。我们研究了在20世纪80年代和90年代引入美国模式之前存在的地方安排，以及日本和以色列的技术转让计划是如何在当地实践和美国影响的结合下演变的。借鉴新制度理论的松散耦合的概念，我们确定了不同类型的松散耦合之间的正式结构和做法在以色列和日本的技术转让领域之前和之后，美国模式的介绍。我们的分析表明，两国的新配置最好通过两个因素进行分析：（1）当地，以前的技术转让安排的感知效率，（2）当地安排和美国之间的差距差距。在以色列的案例中，以前的技术转让模式与美国的模式相似-然而，有人认为这可能无效，因此有争议。在日本的案例中，以前的技术转让模式被认为是有效的，基本上没有争议。美国引进的大学拥有专利权的正式模式，打破了日本的非正式技术转让机制。这些历史轨迹解释了为什么一方面以色列科学界迅速采用美国模式，但质疑其有效性和合法性，另一方面，日本科学界通过谈判条件修改了美国模式，这些谈判条件与以前的技术转让模式一样有利于公司而不是大学。通过这些案例，我们展示了每个领域的松散耦合是如何随着全球和地方政策的变化而发展和变化的。我们认为，注意当地的动态松耦合可以帮助解释当地的变化，在全球扩散的美国式的技术转让。
This paper explores the trajectories of the development and institutionalization of technology transfer structures and activities in Israel and Japan, two countries with strong science and technology sectors, from the 1950s to the present. We examine the local arrangements that existed before the introduction of the U.S. model in the 1980s and 90s, and how the Japanese and Israeli schemes of technology transfer evolved under the combination of local practices and U.S. influence. Drawing on new institutional theory’s concept of loose coupling, we identify different types of loose coupling between formal structures and practices in Israeli and Japanese fields of technology transfer before and after the introduction of U.S. model. Our analysis show that the new configurations in the two countries are best analyzed by looking at two factors: (1) The perceived efficacy of the local, previous technology transfer arrangements, and; (2) the gap between the local arrangement and the U.S. technology transfer model. In the Israeli case, the former technology transfer model was similar to the one in the U.S.—however, it was perceived as potentially ineffective and thus disputable. In the Japanese case, the former technology transfer model was seen as effective and largely uncontested. The introduction of the U.S. formal model with the university ownership of patents disrupted the informal technology transfer mechanisms in Japan. These historical trajectories explain why, on one hand, Israeli science community was quick to adopt to the U.S. model but contested its efficacy and legitimacy, and on the other hand, the Japanese science community modified the U.S. model through negotiating conditions that were as favorable to firms than universities as their previous mode of technology transfer. Through these cases, we show how loose coupling in each field developed and changed in response to global and local policies. We argue that attention to the local dynamics of loose coupling can help explain local variations in the global diffusion of the American style of technology transfer.
桥接岛屿：风险投资公司与日本和美国工业的未来
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
Kneller;RW.
通讯作者：
RW.
日本与美国的产学合作和技术转让：日本经济萎靡不振的另一个原因？
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2004
期刊：
Global Outsourcing Review Vol.6(1)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Kneller;RW.
通讯作者：
RW.