Evaluating Alternative Strategies for Minimizing Unintended Fitness Consequences of Cultured Individuals on Wild Populations
Evaluating Alternative Strategies for Minimizing Unintended Fitness Consequences of Cultured Individuals on Wild Populations
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01949.x
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发表时间：
2013-02-01
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Waples, Robin S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Baskett, Marissa L.;Waples, Robin S.
人工繁殖策略通常会在圈养条件下进行选择，从而导致在野外适应不良的性状。对于注重生产而不是对野生种群的人口贡献的繁殖计划来说，对野生种群的影响可能是通过无意的逃逸或需要将个体释放到自然环境中度过其生命周期的一部分而发生的。在这种情况下，两种替代管理策略可能会减少对自然种群的意外适应性后果：（1）尽可能减少圈养选择，以减少适应性负荷（保持它们相似），或（2）培育单独的种群以尽可能减少圈养与野生的相互作用（使它们不同）。我们使用基于太平洋鲑鱼孵化场的耦合人口统计模型定量评估这两种策略，该模型结合了各种相关过程和动态：孵化场相对于野生的选择、基于选择性状的选型交配，以及孵化场释放、密度依赖性、自然选择和繁殖方面的不同生命周期安排。模型结果表明，如果自然选择仅发生在繁殖和圈养释放之间，则类似的策略表现更好。然而，如果自然选择发生在圈养释放和繁殖之间，那么不同和相似的策略就可以提供可行的替代方案来减少意外的适应性后果，因为有更大的机会清除适应不良的个体。在这种情况下，适当的方法取决于每种策略的可行性和人口目标（例如，增加自然丰度，或确保自然产生高比例的自然产卵鱼）。此外，如果孵化场释放发生在密度依赖性相互作用之前（相对于之后），则孵化场释放的适应性效应会更大。考虑到实现相似和不同策略的后勤挑战，不仅评估首选策略，而且评估未能实现预期目标的后果也至关重要。
Artificial propagation strategies often incur selection in captivity that leads to traits that are maladaptive in the wild. For propagation programs focused on production rather than demographic contribution to wild populations, effects on wild populations can occur through unintentional escapement or the need to release individuals into natural environments for part of their life cycle. In this case, 2 alternative management strategies might reduce unintended fitness consequences on natural populations: (1) reduce selection in captivity as much as possible to reduce fitness load (keep them similar), or (2) breed a separate population to reduce captive-wild interactions as much as possible (make them different). We quantitatively evaluate these 2 strategies with a coupled demographicgenetic model based on Pacific salmon hatcheries that incorporates a variety of relevant processes and dynamics: selection in the hatchery relative to the wild, assortative mating based on the trait under selection, and different life cycle arrangements in terms of hatchery release, density dependence, natural selection, and reproduction. Model results indicate that, if natural selection only occurs between reproduction and captive release, the similar strategy performs better. However, if natural selection occurs between captive release and reproduction, the different and similar strategies present viable alternatives to reducing unintended fitness consequences because of the greater opportunity to purge maladaptive individuals. In this case, the appropriate approach depends on the feasibility of each strategy and the demographic goal (e.g., increasing natural abundance, or ensuring that a high proportion of natural spawners are naturally produced). In addition, the fitness effects of hatchery release are much greater if hatchery release occurs before (vs. after) density-dependent interactions. Given the logistical challenges to achieving both the similar and different strategies, evaluation of not just the preferred strategy but also the consequences of failing to achieve the desired target is critical.