Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants
Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants
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DOI：
10.1038/35054555
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发表时间：
2001-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Sipes, SD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pryer, KM;Schneider, H;Sipes, SD
在陆地植物4.7亿年的历史中，大部分属于蕨类植物，蕨类植物和裸子植物，最终在9000万年前被被子植物占据生态优势（1-3）。我们对被子植物进化的认识，特别是对最早谱系的分支顺序的认识，最近由于多基因序列分析的同时进行而有所增加（4-6）。然而，重建关系的所有主要谱系的维管植物的分歧，因为泥盆纪时期仍然是一个挑战。在这里，我们报告的系统发育分析相结合的数据，从形态学和四个基因，为35个代表，从所有的主要谱系的陆地植物。我们发现现存的维管植物有三个单系类群：（1）石松植物，（2）种子植物和（3）一个分支，包括木贼植物（马尾），psilotophytes（拂蕨）和所有的厚囊和薄囊蕨类植物。我们的最大似然分析清楚地表明，马尾和蕨类植物一起是种子植物的最接近的亲戚。这反驳了普遍认为马尾和蕨类植物是brabetes和种子植物之间的过渡进化等级的观点（7），并对我们理解植物的发展和进化具有重要意义（8）。
Most of the 470-million-year history of plants on land belongs to bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms, which eventually yielded to the ecological dominance by angiosperms 90 Myr ago(1-3). Our knowledge of angiosperm phylogeny, particularly the branching order of the earliest lineages, has recently been increased by the concurrence of multigene sequence analyses(4-6). However, reconstructing relationships for all the main lineages of vascular plants that diverged since the Devonian period has remained a challenge. Here we report phylogenetic analyses of combined data-from morphology and from four genes-for 35 representatives from all the main lineages of land plants. We show that there are three monophyletic groups of extant vascular plants: (1) lycophytes, (2) seed plants and (3) a clade including equisetophytes (horsetails), psilotophytes (whisk ferns) and all eusporangiate and leptosporangiate ferns. Our maximum-likelihood analysis shows unambiguously that horsetails and ferns together are the closest relatives to seed plants. This refutes the prevailing view that horsetails and ferns are transitional evolutionary grades between bryophytes and seed plants(7), and has important implications for our understanding of the development and evolution of plants(8).