Job Creation and Firm Dynamics in the United States
Job Creation and Firm Dynamics in the United States
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美国的就业创造和企业动态
DOI：
10.1086/663154
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Haltiwanger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Haltiwanger
在美国，商业活力在创造就业机会和提高生产率方面发挥着重要作用。创业企业是这一活力的重要贡献者。初创企业对创造就业机会的贡献不成比例，但在生产力方面差异很大。年轻企业随后的“要么上升，要么退出”的动态是就业和生产率增长的重要来源：退出的年轻企业生产率非常低，幸存的年轻企业表现出高于平均生产率的快速增长。随着时间的推移，美国显示出活力减弱的迹象-再分配的速度变慢，伴随着创业创造就业机会的速度变慢。最近的经济衰退是自1980年以来最低的总就业创造率和初创企业创造的就业机会。小型（年轻）企业的就业机会在经济衰退中受到了特别大的打击，并且恢复得非常缓慢。一个悬而未决的问题是，美国企业表现出的活力下降是否会对美国未来的创新、就业和生产率增长产生不利影响。保持资本引擎运转的基本动力来自新的消费品、新的生产和运输方法、新市场。[The这个过程]不断地从内部革命，不断地摧毁旧的，不断地创造新的。这种创造性破坏的过程是资本主义的基本事实。约瑟夫·熊彼特保持资本引擎运转的基本动力来自新的消费品、新的生产和运输方法、新市场。[The这个过程]不断地从内部革命，不断地摧毁旧的，不断地创造新的。这种创造性破坏的过程是资本主义的基本事实。
Business dynamism plays an important role in job creation and productivity growth in the United States. Business start-ups are an important contributor to that dynamism. Start-ups contribute disproportionately to job creation but are very heterogeneous in terms of productivity. The subsequent “up-or-out” dynamic of young businesses is an important source of job and productivity growth: exiting young businesses are of very low productivity, and the surviving young businesses exhibit rapid growth with above average productivity. The United States shows signs of becoming less dynamic over time—exhibiting a slower pace of reallocation with an accompanying slower pace of job creation from business start-ups. The recent recession saw the lowest overall rate of gross job creation and job creation from start-ups since at least 1980. Job creation for small (young) businesses took an especially large hit in the recession and has been very slow to recover. An open question is whether the observed decline in dynamism exhibited by U.S. businesses will have adverse consequences for U.S. innovation, job, and productivity growth in the future. The fundamental impulse that keeps the capital engine in motion comes from the new consumers’ goods, the new methods of production and transportation, the new markets…. [The process] incessantly revolutionizes from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one. This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact of capitalism.Joseph Schumpeter The fundamental impulse that keeps the capital engine in motion comes from the new consumers’ goods, the new methods of production and transportation, the new markets…. [The process] incessantly revolutionizes from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one. This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact of capitalism.