Combining innovative science and policy to improve air quality in cities with refining and chemicals manufacturing: The case study of Houston, Texas, USA
Combining innovative science and policy to improve air quality in cities with refining and chemicals manufacturing: The case study of Houston, Texas, USA
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将创新科学与政策相结合，通过炼油和化学品制造改善城市空气质量：美国德克萨斯州休斯顿的案例研究
DOI：
10.1007/s11705-017-1660-0
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
D. Allen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Allen
在休斯敦，一座拥有400万人口的城市排放的废气，再加上大量炼油和化工制造排放的废气，导致了光化学条件在美国是独一无二的，从历史上看，休斯顿经历了美国有记录以来臭氧浓度最高的城市之一。为了确定臭氧浓度高的根本原因，进行了大规模的空气质量实地研究(德克萨斯空气质量研究或德克萨斯空气质量研究I和II)。来自世界各地的数百名空气质量调查人员在飞机、船只和固定的地面地点部署了仪器，以进行广泛的空气质量测量；使用详细的光化学模型来解释和评估测量的影响。德克萨斯州空气质量研究显示，连续和间断排放的低碳烯，后来被称为高活性挥发性有机化合物，在该地区臭氧和其他光化学氧化剂的形成中发挥了关键作用。了解和量化这些排放物在区域空气质量中的作用，需要在确定排放物的特征和光化学模型方面进行创新。减少排放需要创新的政策方法。描述了这些结合的科学和政策创新，并将其结果记录在案，为休斯顿带来了基本上更清洁的空气。从休斯顿空气质量经验中吸取的经验教训适用于世界各地人口和工业概况相似的城市。
In Houston, a combination of urban emissions from a city of 4 million people, coupled with emissions from extensive petroleum refining and chemical manufacturing, leads to conditions for photochemistry that are unique in the United States, and historically, the city had experienced some of the highest ozone concentrations recorded in the United States. Large air quality field studies (the Texas Air Quality Studies or TexAQS I and II) were conducted to determine root causes of the high ozone concentrations. Hundreds of air quality investigators, from around the world, deployed instruments on aircraft, on ships, and at fixed ground sites to make extensive air quality measurements; detailed photochemical modeling was used to interpret and assess the implications of the measurements. The Texas Air Quality Studies revealed that both continuous and episodic emissions of light alkenes, which came to be called highly reactive volatile organic compounds, played a critical role in the formation of ozone and other photochemical oxidants in the region. Understanding and quantifying the role of these emissions in regional air quality required innovations in characterizing emissions and in photochemical modeling. Reducing emissions required innovative policy approaches. These coupled scientific and policy innovations are described, and the result, substantially cleaner air for Houston, is documented. The lessons learned from the Houston air quality experience are relevant to cities with similar population and industrial profiles around the world.