The American Medical Association and race.-猫眼课题宝

DOI：

10.1001/virtualmentor.2014.16.06.mhst1-1406

发表时间：

2014-06-01

期刊：

The virtual mentor : VM

影响因子：

通讯作者：

中科院分区：

其他

文献类型：

作者：

Baker, Robert B

“种族”在美国已经是一个四个字母的单词近四个世纪。1619年，荷兰商人在弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦出售了第一批非洲奴隶，它获得了这一地位，并在1865年第十三修正案通过后继续拥有这一地位，该修正案正式结束了美国各地的奴隶制。到了世纪中期，奴隶制被称为“特殊制度”--根据《韦氏词典》，“特殊”一词来源于拉丁语“pecus”，意为牛[1]--主要分布在南方和边境各州。当南北战争以北方的胜利而结束时，以前被当作牲畜对待的奴隶--当时被称为“自由人”的人--来到美国公民机构的大门前，要求平等地接纳他们，作为同胞。这篇文章叙述了当一个非洲和欧洲血统的美国人从霍华德大学，一个新成立的机构，为自由人，和相关的自由人的医院（成立于内战期间），敲美国医学会（AMA）的门时发生的事情-并一再被拒绝。然后，它概述了美国医学会和非洲裔美国人的历史，从1868年种族问题第一次被提出，直到2008年美国医学会为其一个半世纪以来虐待非洲裔美国医生的记录公开道歉。允许黑人医生进入美国医学会的问题第一次出现在1868年，在内战结束后，就在美国正在辩论第十四修正案的时候，该修正案禁止拒绝“任何人......受到法律的平等保护”或剥夺任何人的“生命、自由或财产，未经正当法律程序”。事实上，1868年5月美国医学协会全国会议上的争议最初不是关于接纳黑人医生，而是关于接纳女医生。根据第十四修正案的精神，美国医学会伦理委员会裁定，由于女医生是合格的从业者，“根据不带偏见的理性规则......[美国医学会]无权仅仅以性别为由拒绝他们[入场]”[3]。内森·史密斯·戴维斯，自封为美国医学会之父，反对委员会的建议。戴维斯在最初关于性别的讨论中加入了种族，他认为关于“性别或肤色”的准入标准应该留给当地社会，那些被拒绝加入的人“不应该要求本协会的立法权，为他们的特殊利益通过事后法律”[4]。在规定地方医学会有权制定种族隔离或性别歧视的入学标准而不受国家社会的干涉后，戴维斯提议无限期推迟此事。他的动议获得通过，撤销了道德委员会的

“Race” has been a four-letter word in the United States for almost four centuries. It earned that status in 1619 when Dutch traders sold the first African slaves in Jamestown, Virginia, and continued to have that status after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865, which officially ended slavery throughout the United States. By the mid-nineteenth century, the “peculiar institution” as slavery was called—the term “peculiar,” according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, derives from the Latin “pecus,” for cattle [1]—was largely based in the South and border states. When the Civil War ended with a Northern victory, the formerly enslaved people who had been treated like cattle—“freedmen,” as they were called at the time—came knocking on the door of American civil institutions requesting admission as equals, as fellow citizens. This essay narrates what transpired when an integrated group of Americans of African and European descent from Howard University, a newly founded institution for freedmen, and the associated Freedman’s Hospital (founded during the Civil War), knocked on the door of the American Medical Association (AMA)—and were repeatedly rejected. It then sketches the history of the AMA and African Americans from 1868, when the issue of race was first raised, until 2008—when the AMA publicly apologized for its century-and-ahalf-long record of mistreating African American physicians.The issue of admitting Negro physicians to the AMA first arose in 1868, in the aftermath of the Civil War, at the very moment when America was debating the Fourteenth Amendment, which forbids denying “to any person… the equal protection of the law” or depriving anyone of “life, liberty or property without due process of law”[2]. As it happened, the controversy at the AMA’s May 1868 national meeting was not initially about admitting Negro physicians but rather about admitting female physicians. In the spirit of the Fourteenth Amendment, the AMA’s Committee on Ethics ruled that since female physicians were qualified practitioners “according to the rules of reason unbiased by prejudice…[the AMA] has no right to refuse them [admission] simply on the ground of sex”[3]. Nathan Smith Davis, self-styled “father” of the AMA, objected to the committee’s recommendation. Injecting race into a discussion initially about gender, Davis argued that admission standards with respect to “sex or color” should be left to local societies and those denied membership “should not claim the legislative power of this Association to pass ex post facto laws for their especial benefit”[4]. Having stipulated that local medical societies should have a right to enact segregationist or sexist admission standards without interference from the national society, Davis moved that the matter be indefinitely postponed [5]. His motion carried, quashing the ethics committee’s

The American Medical Association and race.

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