Induction and reversibility of Ceriodaphnia cornuta horns under varied intensity of predation risk and their defensive effectiveness against Chaoborus larvae
Induction and reversibility of Ceriodaphnia cornuta horns under varied intensity of predation risk and their defensive effectiveness against Chaoborus larvae
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不同捕食风险强度下角角的诱导、可逆性及其对Chaoborus幼虫的防御效果
DOI：
10.1111/fwb.13710
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发表时间：
2021-03-28
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Yang, Zhou
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gu, Lei;Xu, Xiaoqing;Yang, Zhou
表型可塑性是普遍存在的，可塑性性状的诱导和可逆性与生物体在波动环境中的适应性密切相关。然而，在捕食强度波动的环境中，诱导性状的表达和逆转模式的理解仍然是一个挑战。本研究主要集中在角叉蚤（Ceriodaphnia cornuta）的诱导角及其与Chaoborus幼虫捕食的相互作用。我们描述了角的表达和逆转模式下增加捕食风险，其中包括响应时间，速率和强度。此外，我们还利用捕食试验来研究诱导角对Chaoborus幼鱼和成鱼的存活率和对Chaoborus幼虫捕食抗性的影响。结果表明，不同部位角的大小和表达模式对个体角的诱导起重要作用，并最终导致角的适应性表达和在捕食风险增加时的逆转模式。具体而言，表达时间和强度线性增加捕食风险增加。相应地，回复时间也线性增加，可逆性线性下降，诱导率和回复率线性增加。与可塑性模式相对应，捕食试验表明，成年人与角的Chaoborus幼虫比不设防的个人明显不容易被捕食。这一发现为诱导角在C.通过结合利益和反应模式，本研究提供了一个基本的了解角的个体发育可塑性，在C。角状的此外，我们的研究表明，C。cornuta可能是一个有效的生物体，了解诱导防御性状的诱导和可逆性和相关的种间关系在波动条件下的水生环境。
Phenotypic plasticity is common, and the induction and reversibility of plastic traits is closely related to the fitness of organisms in fluctuating environments. However, understanding the expression and reversion patterns of inducible traits in environments with fluctuating predation intensity is still a challenge.The present study focused on the inducible horns of Ceriodaphnia cornuta and its interaction with predation by Chaoborus larvae. We described the expression and reversion patterns of horns under increasing predation risks, which included response time, rate, and intensity. Additionally, we used predation trials to measure the effect of inducible horns on the survival rate and resistance to Chaoborus larvae predation by juvenile and adult C. cornuta.The results revealed that the size and expression patterns of horns at different body parts contributed to individual horn induction, which ultimately led to adaptive expression and reversion patterns under increasing predation risks. Specifically, the expression time and intensity increased linearly under increasing predation risks. Correspondingly, the reversion time also increased linearly, reversibility decreased linearly, and induction and reversion rates increased logarithmically. Corresponding with the plasticity pattern, predation trials showed that adult individuals with horns were remarkably less vulnerable to predation by Chaoborus larvae than undefended individuals. This finding provides a direct evidence of the benefit of inducible horns in C. cornuta.By combining benefits and response patterns, the present study provided a basic understanding of the ontogenetic plasticity of horns in C. cornuta. Furthermore, our study indicates that C. cornuta could be an efficient organism for understanding the induction and reversibility of inducible defensive traits and related interspecific relationships under fluctuating conditions in aquatic environments.