Evidence-based use of antibiotics in veal calves with diarrhea.
Evidence-based use of antibiotics in veal calves with diarrhea.
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DOI：
10.4236/ojvm.2016.62005
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kretschmar, S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hassig, M.;Kretschmar, S.
腹泻是牛和奶牛出生后第一周死亡的主要原因，并导致大量经济损失。腹泻是一种多因素疾病，可以是传染性的，也可以是非传染性的。然而，在大多数牛犊中，感染性生物，特别是微小隐孢子虫、轮状病毒、冠状病毒和大肠杆菌是主要原因。这项研究的目的是根据流行率、诊断测试和治疗生成决策树，并估计相关的成本或风险。对于四种主要病原体的每一种，概述和比较了两种主要的方法。第一种方法依赖于详细的诊断检查，并允许进行特定的病因治疗。第二种方法依赖于反复试验的方法，即使用第一选择的抗生素，如果之前的抗生素未能解决疾病，则使用第二和第三选择的抗生素。在瑞士，感染了大肠杆菌的腹泻牛犊的流行率约为1%，这表明在没有诊断检查的情况下，使用抗菌剂治疗牛犊流涎并不总是合理的。然而，对于所有四种主要病原体，与基于病因学诊断的治疗相比，试错法提供了更便宜的治疗。鉴于目前世界范围内正在努力减少畜牧业中抗生素的使用，这造成了一种进退两难的局面。
Diarrhea is the leading cause of mortality in beef and dairy calves during the first week of life and results in substantial financial loss. Diarrhea is a multifactorial disease and can be infectious or non-infectious. However, in the majority of calves, infectious organisms, especially Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus, and E. coli, are the primary cause. The aim of this study was to generate a decision tree, based on prevalence, diagnostic testing and treatment and to estimate associated costs or risk. For each of the four main pathogens, two principal approaches are outlined and compared. The first approach relies on a detailed diagnostic workup and allows for specific etiological treatment. The second approach relies on the trial-and-error method, which involves the use of a first-choice antibiotic, followed by a second- and third-choice antibiotic if the previous ones failed to resolve the disease. In Switzerland, the prevalence of diarrheic calves infected with E. coli is approximately 1% suggesting that the use of antimicrobials for the treatment of scouring calves, in the absence of a diagnostic workup, is not always justified. However, for all four major pathogens, the trial-and-error method affords cheaper treatment compared with treatment based on an etiological diagnosis. This creates a quandary in view of the current worldwide efforts to reduce the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture.