Mammalian transposable elements and their impacts on genome evolution.
Mammalian transposable elements and their impacts on genome evolution.
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DOI：
10.1007/s10577-017-9570-z
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发表时间：
2018-03
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ray DA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Platt RN 2nd;Vandewege MW;Ray DA
转座因子（Transposable elements，TE）是一种能够在基因组中移动和复制的遗传因子。哺乳动物的基因组主要由TE控制，其可以达到数十万的拷贝数。因此，TE对哺乳动物的进化产生了重大影响。在这里，我们总结了目前对哺乳动物基因组中TE含量的理解，发现除了少数例外，大多数都在可预测的观察范围内。首先，基因组的三分之一到一半来自TE。其次，大多数哺乳动物基因组由LINE和SINE反转录转座子、更有限的LTR反转录转座子和最小的DNA转座子积累主导。第三，大多数哺乳动物基因组中至少含有一个活跃积累的逆转录转座子家族。最后，横向转移的TE之间的血统是罕见的。TE重新适应事件越来越频繁地被认可。尽管TE含量和活性具有这些有益的方面，但大多数TE插入是中性或有害的。为了限制TE增殖的有害影响，基因组已经进化出在表观遗传、转录和转录后水平起作用的几种防御机制。TEs和这些防御机制之间的相互作用导致了一场进化军备竞赛，TEs被抑制，进化以逃避抑制，然后随着防御机制的补偿性变化而再次被抑制。结果是TE和宿主基因组之间复杂且不断演变的相互作用。
Transposable elements (TEs) are genetic elements with the ability to mobilize and replicate themselves in a genome. Mammalian genomes are dominated by TEs, which can reach copy numbers in the hundreds of thousands. As a result, TEs have had significant impacts on mammalian evolution. Here we summarize the current understanding of TE content in mammal genomes and find that, with a few exceptions, most fall within a predictable range of observations. First, one third to one half of the genome is derived from TEs. Second, most mammalian genomes are dominated by LINE and SINE retrotransposons, more limited LTR retrotransposons, and minimal DNA transposon accumulation. Third, most mammal genome contains at least one family of actively accumulating retrotransposon. Finally, horizontal transfer of TEs among lineages is rare. TE exaptation events are being recognized with increasing frequency. Despite these beneficial aspects of TE content and activity, the majority of TE insertions are neutral or deleterious. To limit the deleterious effects of TE proliferation, the genome has evolved several defense mechanisms that act at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. The interaction between TEs and these defense mechanisms has led to an evolutionary arms race where TEs are suppressed, evolve to escape suppression, then are suppressed again as the defense mechanisms undergo compensatory change. The result is complex and constantly evolving interactions between TEs and host genomes.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0831042100
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