Temperament profiles in physicians, lawyers, managers, industrialists, architects, journalists, and artists: a study in psychiatric outpatients
Temperament profiles in physicians, lawyers, managers, industrialists, architects, journalists, and artists: a study in psychiatric outpatients
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jad.2004.08.003
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发表时间：
2005-03-01
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Akiskal, HS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Akiskal, KK;Savino, M;Akiskal, HS
背景：除了艺术家中可能存在的回旋症，文献中关于不同职业气质的数据很少。方法：在这项探索性研究中，我们试图生成精神科门诊患者气质的初步数据，包括医生(n=41)、律师(n=30)、经理和高管(n=35)、实业家(n=48)、建筑师(n=27)、记者(n=34)和混合艺术家(n=48)。他们与年龄、性别、社会阶层和情感障碍匹配的门诊患者进行比较，这些患者来自相同的临床环境，作为我们的对照组(CG，n=120)。我们使用了采访版的阿基斯卡尔-马尔雅的气质标准。最后采用DSM-III-R强迫症人格问卷进行测评。结果：与对照组相比，律师、医生具有较高的恶劣气质和强迫症人格特征。像律师和医生一样，经理在OC特征上的比例很高，但不同的是，他们在环状胸腺方面的比例非常低，而在胸腺高度方面是对照组的两倍。根据定义，实业家是白手起家的，他们拥有更高的胸腺特征。建筑师和艺术家似乎都受益于循环胸腺(比CG高3-4倍)；有趣的是，建筑师的OC特征水平更高，艺术家没有CG那么强迫症。总体而言，在经理/高管和律师中，41%的人符合情感气质标准，而其余人的等同率为77%。限制：鉴于这是对现有临床记录的图表审查，不可能对患者的专业视而不见。艺术家的混杂可能掩盖了来自不同艺术领域的艺术家之间的差异(例如，诗人和表演艺术家)，内科医生(例如，内科医生和外科医生)也是如此。免责声明是恰当的：我们不是研究不同职业的显赫地位，而是研究区分不同职业的气质和个性特征。结论：尽管存在上述限制和不同职业的重叠属性，但他们仍然具有不同的气质和个性特征。恶劣的心境和强迫症的特征在律师和医生身上很明显。我们确认了回旋症在艺术家和建筑师身上的作用。据我们所知，夸张的气质在经理、白手起家的实业家和记者中扮演的角色，是第一次被报道。在所研究的整个专业领域中，循环胸腺和过度胸腺气质的作用似乎受到强迫症特征的影响。特别是，艺术家的创造性想象力似乎被低水平的OC特质所解放，而在建筑师中，相对较高的OC特质似乎有助于他们作品的执行。更试探性的是，从其余职业的情感气质总体水平来看，平均而言，比起白手起家的实业家，更多的经理/高管可以被描述为气质“更冷”，更多的医生比律师更“热情”。记者作为一个群体，似乎拥有最广泛的情感气质。上述结论必须被认为是试探性的，甚至是假设的，需要在没有严重精神障碍的专业人员中进行验证。然而，在七个专业领域的研究中，精神疾病专业人员的气质特征可以帮助预测他们与医生、家人、同事、同事和客户/患者的关系。反过来，这些知识可以帮助治疗过程。(C)2004爱思唯尔B.V.保留所有权利。
Background: With the possible exception of cyclothymia in artists, there is a paucity of data in the literature on the temperament in different professions.Methods: For this exploratory study, we sought to generate preliminary data on temperaments among psychiatric outpatients, including physicians (n=41), lawyers (n=30), managers and executives (n=35), industrialists (n=48), architects (n=27), journalists (n=34), and a mixed group of artists (n=48). They were compared with age, sex, social class, and affective disorder matched outpatients outside of these professions, drawn from the same clinical settings to serve as Our Comparison Group (CG, n=120). We used an interview version of the Akiskal-Mallya criteria for temperaments. We finally used the DSM-III-R obsessive compulsive personality (OC traits).Results: Compared with the CG, lawyers and physicians had high rates of dysthymic temperament and OC traits. Managers, like lawyers and doctors, had high rates on OC traits but were different in being very low on cyclothymic and twice as hyperthymic than the CG was. Industrialists, who, by definition, were self-made, had even higher rates of hyperthymic traits. Both architects and artists seemed to have benefited from being cyclothymic (3-4 times higher than CG's); interestingly, architects had higher levels of OC traits, and artists were less obsessional than the CG was. Overall, among managers/executives and lawyers, 41% met criteria for affective temperaments, whereas the equivalent rate among the remainder was 77%.Limitation: Given that this is a chart review of existing clinical records, it was not possible to be blind to the profession of the patients. A mixed Stoup of artists may have obscured differences among artists from different domains of art (e.g., poets vs. performing artists), and the same can be said of physicians (e.g., internists vs. surgeons). A disclaimer would be appropriate: Ours is not a study on eminence in the different professions but on the temperament and personality profiles that distinguish among them.Conclusions: Despite the foregoing limitations and overlapping attributes in the different professions, they nonetheless emerged as having distinct temperamental and personality profiles. Dysthymic and obsessional attributes are notable in lawyers and physicians. We confirm the role of cyclothymia in artists and architects. The role of the hyperthymic temperament in managers, self-made industrialists, and journalists, to the best of our knowledge, is being reported for the first time. The role of cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments appears to be moderated by obsessional traits across the entire professional realm examined. In particular, artists' creative imagination appears "liberated" by low levels of OC traits, whereas among architects, relatively high levels of OC traits seem to contribute to the execution of their work. More tentatively, judging from the overall levels of affective temperaments in the remaining professions, on average, more of the managers/executives than self-made industrialists could be described as "colder" in temperament, and more of the physicians "warmer" than lawyers are. Journalists, as a group, appeared to possess the broadest representation of affective temperaments. The foregoing conclusions must be regarded as tentative, even hypothetical, in need of verification among professionals without major psychiatric disorders. Nonetheless, temperament profiles among psychiatrically ill professionals in the seven professional realms studies can help predict how they relate to their doctors, family members, colleagues, coworkers, and clients/patients. Such knowledge, in turn, can help the therapeutic process. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.