Gender roles and their influence on life prospects for women in urban Karachi, Pakistan: a qualitative study
Gender roles and their influence on life prospects for women in urban Karachi, Pakistan: a qualitative study
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DOI：
10.3402/gha.v4i0.7448
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Mogren, Ingrid
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ali, Tazeen S.;Krantz, Gunilla;Mogren, Ingrid
背景：巴基斯坦是一个父权制社会，男子是主要的权威人物，妇女处于从属地位。这对妇女和男子的生活prospects.Objective的严重影响：目的是探讨目前的性别角色在巴基斯坦城市，这些是如何复制和维持和影响男子和妇女的生活scenaries.Design：五个焦点小组进行了讨论，包括28名妇女代表就业，失业，受过教育和未受过教育的妇女从不同的社会经济阶层。显式和潜在的内容analysisapplied.Findings：两个主要的主题出现在分析过程中：“重申性别角色”和“变革的代理人”。第一个主题包括对传统性别角色的看法以及这些角色如何维持妇女的从属地位。权力梯度、男子相对于妇女的上级地位、文化中的独特特征以及大家庭的作用被认为相互作用，压制妇女。第二个主题包括变革的推动者，其中教育的作用和大众媒体的作用都很突出。它进一步强调，年轻一代是更积极的现代化的性别角色比老generation.Conclusions：这项研究揭示了严重的性别不平等和侵犯人权的妇女在巴基斯坦社会。不平等的性别角色被认为是静态的，由社会固有的结构所强化。妇女在自主权方面经常面临严重的限制和局限。然而，人们认为，获得更高水平的教育，特别是妇女和男子获得更高水平的教育，是促进变革的一个因素。此外，大众媒体被认为在支持赋予妇女权力方面可发挥积极作用。
Background: Pakistan is a patriarchal society where men are the primary authority figures and women are subordinate. This has serious implications on women's and men's life prospects.Objective: The aim was to explore current gender roles in urban Pakistan, how these are reproduced and maintained and influence men's and women's life circumstances.Design: Five focus group discussions were conducted, including 28 women representing employed, unemployed, educated and uneducated women from different socio-economic strata. Manifest and latent content analyses were applied.Findings: Two major themes emerged during analysis: 'Reiteration of gender roles' and 'Agents of change'. The first theme included perceptions of traditional gender roles and how these preserve women's subordination. The power gradient, with men holding a superior position in relation to women, distinctive features in the culture and the role of the extended family were considered to interact to suppress women. The second theme included agents of change, where the role of education was prominent as well as the role of mass media. It was further emphasised that the younger generation was more positive to modernisation of gender roles than the elder generation.Conclusions: This study reveals serious gender inequalities and human rights violations against women in the Pakistani society. The unequal gender roles were perceived as static and enforced by structures imbedded in society. Women routinely faced serious restrictions and limitations of autonomy. However, attainment of higher levels of education especially not only for women but also for men was viewed as an agent towards change. Furthermore, mass media was perceived as having a positive role to play in supporting women's empowerment.